Unyaka 1770: Idabi Chesma. impi

Uyazi, xa kukho kwabakho ukulwa yomkhosi ka Chesma? 1770 yaye ngoku ibhiyozelwa eRashiya. I-Battle esenzeka Bay of Cesme ngo-1770, ngoJulayi 24-26 (5-7 Julayi), ummandla ophakathi kwiziqithi Chios and esiphelweni wasentshona eAnatolia. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kule ndawo ngaphambili ezininzi idabi yomkhosi wamanzi phakathi yelo Republic kunye Ottoman phakathi azinakulawuleka Turkish kunye Russian. Idabi yaba yinxalenye yemvukelo Second Peloponnesian ngo-1769 kwaye ungumhambeli phambili nokufika Greek War ulongamo (iminyaka 1821-1829).

Namhlanje Day wozuko yomkhosi Russia yabhiyozelwa ngoJulayi 7 - yimini lokoyisa yezi zithuthi Russian phezu Turks kwi Idabi Chesma.

prehistory

nani ezininzi eziqhelekileyo Chesme 1770. Le idabi kwenzeka ngaloo nyaka. Kanye ngo-1768-m imfazwe Russian imfazwe kunye eTurkey, eRashiya wathumela squadrons ezimbalwa ukuya kuLwandle lweMeditera ukusuka kwiBaltic. Wayefuna ukuphambukisa ingqalelo Ottoman ukusuka First Archipelago mkhankaso (Black Sea Fleet), olu sapho lwaluquka ngoko abathandathu kuphela Zempi.

Ezimbini zebutho Russian umthetho yi Admiral Gregory Spiridov kunye IsiNgesi ngezeKharityhulam yangasemva Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, kwaye ikhokelwa Count Orlov Aleksey. Ngenxa yoko, oomatiloshe abanamava Simfumene zithuthi Ottoman zihleli kwi ethekwini Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Phantsi koxinzelelo evela eFransi, yaye impembelelo ingxaki Polish ngo-1768 i-Ottoman ibhengeze imfazwe iRussia. Ngelo xesha, ulwalathiso lobuchule wasezantsi yahlala meko efanayo, leyo kwinkulungwane XVII. In uBukhosi Russian akazange abe lwezithuthi Black and Azov Seas, ubengukumkani aselwandle imikhosi Ports. Enyanisweni, i-Sea Black waba "ichibi Turkish." ELwandle Azov, Sea Black and North eCrimea zalawula Ottoman - la mazwe aba sokufezekisa ubumfazwe nxamnye neRashiya.

ukuhlasela

Unyaka 1770 ... Chesma idabi ... Kwakutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke? Ngowe-1768-th ekwindla, amahashe iCrimea ihlasela iRussia, kwaqalisa imfazwe. Utshaba woyiswa kwaye lweMedia, kodwa usongo wahlala. Northern Sea Black iye yaba yemiboniso esisiseko yemfazwe, apho umkhosi Russian iminyaka emihlanu besilwa semkhosini Ottoman nasePorte kunye iCrimea Khanate.

imisebenzi

Khumbula inani 1770. Chesma emfazweni oko kuthetha. On the Black Sea Fleet mfuneko ukuba babuyekezwe. Kungenxa yoko le nto eSt Petersburg wagqiba ukuthumela ukuya butho xhaxhe koLwandle Baltic ukusuka apho asongele Turkey. Injongo esisiseko ye-umkhankaso yaba ukuxhasa i mvukelo kunokwenzeka yabemi lamaKristu Balkan Peninsula (ingakumbi iziqithi zaseAegean kunye iPeloponnese isiGrike) kunye nokoyikiswa baseTurkey ukusuka ngasemva.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi ukuba enze butho Russian? Kwakufuneka ukwaphula imigca elwandle utshaba zonxibelelwano kuLwandle lweMeditera, ukususa ezinye amandla akhe (ikakhulu fleet) ukusuka kwindawo kuLwandle Black eyaqala ngawo. Xa impumelelo butho yaba ukuthatha amanqaku yonxweme ibalulekileyo eTurkey ukuvala iDardanelles. Imeko engundoqo ibekwe kuLwandle iAegean, okanye, njengoko thaca kwi "Nqabakazi of Greece." Ngenxa yoko igama "uhambo zamaGrike."

umbono

Long waya unyaka 1770. Le imfazwe abantu Chesma nangoku. Ceba ukuba ukuthumela iinqanawa IsiRashiya ukuya elunxwemeni weAegean, ukuvusa nokuxhasa mvukelo yabantu lamaKristu ihlala apho nxamnye Ottoman? Kuba okokuqala le mbono echaza ngoko Intandokazi ukumkanikazi uCatherine II Orlov UGrigory. Mhlawumbi, le mbono ingxelo kuqala yinkokeli elizayo hambo Count Orlov Aleksey, umzalwana Gregory, umntu ovunyiweyo kuphela kwaye donos ku uCatherine.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Orlov Aleksey wabhalela umntakwabo malunga iingxaki zeli phulo kwaye imfazwe ngokubanzi: "Kufuneka siye eConstantinople kunye nokukhululwa onke amaKristu bahanahanisi kunye Orthodox kwidyokhwe esibuhlungu. Kwaye ndiza kuthi lo, umlawuli Peter I kuxwebhu wathi, yaye bona, Mohammedan amaRoma, ukuba azigxothe emaqeleni isanti kwikhaya labo bangaphambili. Apha ukuhlonela kuvela kwakhona, kwaye Mbongeni uThixo wethu, uSomandla. " Ngelo xesha lokunikezelwa uyilo kwiBhunga elo phulo uKumkanikazi Orlov UGrigory yaqulunqa isicelo sakhe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Thumela ngokohlobo yokulwa kuLwandle lweMeditera, yaye ukusuka apho isibini iinqanawa yenza lutshaba yokuhlaselwa"

Ezinye iingcali zithi ukuba imfazwe Chesma ngo-1770 kubangelwe umnqweno weRashiya ukuba exit elizimeleyo ukususela kuLwandle Black ukuya babeziindleko kwiilwandle zehlabathi. Kwaye ke akuzange kufuneke ibhaxa.

wayenothotho

Ngoku jonga kancinane ngakumbi kwi kunyaka 1770, imfazwe Chesma (Russian-Turkish yokulwa). wayenothotho Russian bezibandakanya iinqanawa ezisithoba yomgama, awahlali ezintathu (olunye-umpu 36 kanye pair umpu-32), 17-19 iinqanawa abangabancedani kunye isitya bombardirskogo "beNdudumo" (kunaso 10).

Ukuqaphela Juni 23 fleet utshaba, esemayo ngenxa kwisiqithi saseChios kwileveli, armada yethu ngesifingo ngoJuni 24 (Julayi 5th) ngo-1770 wangena kwisiteshi Chios, ebizwa Ozahlulayo siqithi evela Riviera, eAnatolia, evela entla ngumoya ezinxulumene ethambileyo. Kunye nale elunxwemeni, ukususela Gulf ukuya emntla Chesmensky, bema imigca emibini ngeankile armada Ottoman.

Kuyo kwakukho iinqwelo-16 (apho ezintandathu baba 90- okanye 80 gun-, ngoxa abanye, ezifana Russian, baxhotyiswa kunye nezixhobo 66), iinqanawa ezincinane 60 no-6 awahlali. izithuthi Turkish umthetho yi Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Yena ngelo xesha enkampini elunxwemeni, kunye nesekela lakhe Hassan-Bey (namagorha Algeria), phikisana ekubeni iinqanawa utshaba kufuneka bazibandakanye uthabathe off nabo emoyeni. Kunjalo, Corvettes Ababa nako ukulandela lo mthetho, njengoko nisakuthi wama. Ngenxa yoko, Russian iiseyile zazo wathabatha inyathelo edabini ngokwayo.

Orlova amacebo

Kulo nyaka 1770 idabi Chesma (Russian-Turkish ukulwa) nempembelelo kakhulu indlela yembali olulandelayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amandla onomtsalane utshaba ekuqaleni wabetha Bala Orlov. Kodwa, ngokuqinileyo sithembele inkuthazo yamajoni bakhe, yaye uThixo, wacebisana nabathetheli kunye neenkokheli, waza wagqiba ukuba ahlasele fleet Turkish. Orlov wayalela a Springe (iintambo, eziqhagamshelene izikhonkwane ukuba agcine nqanawa kwindawo) xa kufuneka ukumisa nxamnye notshaba. Bala wakha umgca yokulwa, bahamba baseTurkey kule ukuze:

• Rearguard: iinqanawa "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, sikhundla Roxburgh), 'Musani ukubachukumisa kum "(sikhundla Beshentsev)," Saratov "(Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, uCaptain Cruz), "EYurophu" (umphathi Klokachev), "Iingcwele ezintathu" (sikhundla Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Hierarchs ezintathu" (Bala Orlov Aleksey, induna Greig), "Januarius" (sikhundla Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Lokulwa Chios Strait

Chesma ekulweni (1770, Julayi 7) wajika imbali umva. Okokuqala, cinga lokulwa Chios Strait, esenzeka ngoJuni 24 (Julayi 5). weenqanawa Russian ivumile isicwangciso somsebenzi waya kumda osemazantsi umgca Turkish. Emva koko, wajika waza waqalisa ukuba zibekwe nxamnye iinqanawa yotshaba. Turkey kwezithuthi Adubula umgama kunye iintambo ezintathu (560 m) ngo-11: 30-11: 45. iinqanawa Russian akazange umlilo umva logama nje kufutshane utshaba kumgama amadabi 80 (170 m) ukulwa kufutshane ngo 12:00.

Ezintathu iinqanawa Russian kushenxa aluphumelelanga: "St. Januarius "ngenkani Wajika, ngaphambi kokuba abe uhlelo," EYurophu "ephosiweyo indawo yakhe, walimala yoko, wajika waza washiya inkqubo, ukuba emva" Rostislav "yaye" Hierarchs ezintathu "ngasemva yentsimi elirhangqiweyo inqanawa yesibini lutshaba ngaphambi kokuba beme emgceni, kunye isiphumo ukuba impazamo uhlaselwe corvette "lwemigangatho Three".

Ukonakala kwi "EYurophu" kuthethe ukuba i "St Eustace "yaba bakhokelayo umkhombe armada Russian. Kulo umkhombe ithunyelwe umlilo iinqanawa Turkish kumgama ezintathu (kuquka aziwa Ottoman fleet, "Burj u Zafer", owawukhokelwa Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "olwaqaliswa wakhwela flagship le armada Ottoman, phambi kokuba bayibone ngomlilo. Emva evuthayo mainmast "Burj u Zafer" ndawa le sinendawo of the corvette "St. Eustace, "yena liqhuma. Emva kwemizuzu 10-15, baphephetheke phezulu "Burj Zafer y". Elphinstone wathi Russian ngokwenene lilize kunye Spiridov kunye Count Orlovym Fodorom (umntakwabo yengqwayi-) washiya "St. Eustace, "ngaphambi kokuba melee. wasinda Ngokunjalo ekufeni, kunye sikhundla "St Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov kuqaliswe kwesikhokelo kumlo corvette "Hierarchs ezintathu".

14:00 Turks ukusika iintsontelo iiankile, lihambe phantsi kwekhwapha iibhetri eselunxwemeni Chesma Harbor.

Lwa bay

amajoni abaninzi bafa ngo 1770 Chesma dabi wayengomnye kakhulu zobundlobongela. Juni 25-26 (Julayi 6-7), kwabakho ukulwa kwi Chesma Bay. Oko kuwo Turkish emlilweni-nqanawa wadala uthotho ezimbini 7- no-8-linear corvettes kunye nezinye iinqanawa ibekwe phakathi kwemiqolo kunye nonxweme.

imini yonke Juni 25 (Julayi 6) iinqanawa Russian adubula kwi wayenothotho Turkish kunye nezikhundla yonxweme. iimpahla ezine abangabancedani ezenziwa umlilo-iinqanawa. Xa 17:00 ezabo-nqanawa "beNdudumo" lo esixhaswa phambi Chesma Bay waza waqalisa zokudubula imikhumbi Turkish. At 00:30, wancediswa umkhombe yomgama "EYurophu" kunye 1:00 - "Rostislav", nto leyo eza Emva leenqanawa umlilo.

"Rostislav", "eYurophu," yaye bakhalaza, 'Musani ukubachukumisa kum, "kwasekwa umgca ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, owaqala ukulwa kunye armada Turkish. Ngelo xesha, "Saratov" saba phezu yokulinda, kwaye awahlali 'iAfrika "no" beNdudumo "wahlasela ibhetri kunxweme olusentshona Gulf.

At 01:30, okanye kancinane ngaphambili (ngokwe Elphinstone, ezinzulwini zobusuku) ngenxa ukudutyulwa, 'Musani ukubachukumisa mna "yaye" beNdudumo ", omnye iinqanawa Turks yomgama liqhuma twa umlilo umzimba kunye iiseyile avuthayo. Amadangatye ngokukhawuleza watshintshela ezinye iinqanawa kwi zibuko.

Ngoko ke, siya kuqhubeka ibali isiganeko esenzeka ngoJulayi 7, 1770 Chesma idabi kufuneka sihlole ngamnye. Xa uqhuma at 02:00 lomkhombe Turkish yesibini, neempahla Russian yaphela badubula, nomlilo-iinqanawa wangena Gulf. Ababini kubo abo phantsi umyalelo we Captain Dugdale kunye Gagarin, baseTurkey wadubula. Hi ndlela leyi, Elphinstone ubanga ukuba kuphela wabulala umlilo-Captain Dugdale, kwaye inqanawa Gagarin ukuya ekulweni wala ukuya. Okulandelayo omunye umkhumbi, owawukhokelwa Mackenzie, iye wabambana nakwinqanawa elivuthayo, yaye omnye (phantsi kolawulo uLieutenant D. Ilina) - qhoboshela kumgca corvette umpu-84.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Ilyin umlilo-zikhanyiswe, waza wemka ngalo enqanaweni kunye neqela. Inqanawa uqhuma watshisa uninzi lwezinye corvettes Ottoman. Ngo 2:30 uqhuma Zempi ezintathu.

Phantse kuyo iinqanawa 04:00 Russian wathumela emkhombeni, efuna ukusindisa okwangoku elivutha neempahla ezimbini ezinkulu. Kunjalo, bakwazi ukuthatha omnye kuphela kubo - "Rhodes '-gun 60. Ukususela 04:00 de kube 05:30 yasha iinqanawa ezintandathu, yaye 7 ezimpondweni - ezine synchronously. Ngo 8:00 kweli dabi Chesma Bay yagqitywa.

nemiphumela amadabi

Okumlungeleyo kwimbali yeli lizwe na kunyaka 1770? Chesma ekulweni Ziziphi iingenelo beza Russia? Emva kwale mpi fleet Russian nga ngokwesiseko ziphazamise unxibelelwano Turkish kuLwandle lweAegean ayivalele iDardanelles. Zonke ezi bokuqonda siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo wokutyikitywa iPeace iSivumelwano Kucuk Kaynarca Agreement.

Xa kwicala uCatherine II, ukuba badumise uloyiso kwi Great Peterhof Palace wenziwa ekhumbulekayo (iminyaka 1774-1777) Chesmensky Hall, bamiswa ezikhumbuzo ezimbini ukuya kwesi siganeko: Chesme pilaster kwi Tsarskoye Selo (1778) kunye Chesmensky lesikhumbuzo kwi Gatchina (1775) zize zakhiwe Chesme Palace (iminyaka 1774-1777) kunye Chesma ibandla of St. Ioanna Predtechi (iminyaka 1777-1780) eSt Petersburg.

Chesma imfazwe immortalized kwi iimbasa cast igolide nesilivere 1770, ezibe zenziwe ngokomyalelo uKumkanikazi Catherine I. Bala Orlovu Alekseyu wavunyelwa ukuba qhoboshela proimenovanie amagama, njengoko bathi, "Chesma".

igama

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba igama "Chesma" babenxiba armada ziqinileyo kwezithuthi Russian emkhosini. Ngokomyalelo uNicholas II ukuba igama Cesme indawo, ngoku kwilali kummandla eChelyabinsk.

Kwaye Gulf of Anadyr apho Scesma ekapa - ekuthiwa-ngohambo yalo Clipper "Rider" ngo-1876.

Russian nguMongameli Vladimir Putin ngo-2012, ngoJulayi, natywinwa izilungiso umthetho "Kwi kwezikhumbuzo Russia kunye Days of Military Uzuko." Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho Uloyiso yezi zithuthi Russian phezu Turkish kwi Idabi Chesma, nto leyo ibhiyozelwa ngoJulayi 7.

iingxelo

Ababhali-mbali olusafundayo kunyaka 1770: Chesma imfazwe, unobangela esele eyaziwa, eRashiya wazukisa kuba ihlabathi lonke. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Spiridov ingxelo uMongameli we-College of the Admiralty eSt Petersburg Count Chernyshov: "Ndiyambulela uThixo kunye ndili wayenothotho All-Russian! Ukususela th 25 ukuya th 26 utshaba fleet wahlaselwa, esaphula, esaphula, utshiswe, antywiliselwa, yaye yavuma ezulwini ibe luthuthu, washiya loo ndawo sisingcikivo embi, baza kulawula lonke Nqabakazi yethu Queen Wethu ".

A. G. Orlov krelekrele waveza indlela iphefumlelwe uloyiso Cesme, kwileta eya kumzalwana wakhe: "Molo, mhlekazi, mzalwana! Ndiza kukuxelela kancinci ngohambo lwethu; ke uthi, esibanekile umlilo naphi, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye i Morea. Kuba vorogov ndawonye nesinqanawa iphumile, wasondela kuye waza walwa, bambamba, wabatshabalalisa, wawoyisa, luyatshatyalaliswa ize ithunyelwe ezantsi kwaye atshiswe. "