Elichaza Peter 1. Nikitin, Umfanekiso uPetros 1. Umfanekiso Ngokwembali of Peter 1

Nobuntu Peter 1 kwi ekunene yenye ndawo ebhudla kwimbali karhulumente Russian. Yaye ukuba lo mntu waliseka uBukhosi hlobo, kodwa isibakala sokuba ebudeni bolawulo uPetros Russian yaba kumda wesangqa entsha ngokupheleleyo yophuhliso. Ezibhaliweyo amawaka iincwadi zembali buqu, ukudala umfanekiso Peter 1, kodwa ngokucacileyo ukuchaza imisebenzi yalo mntu, ababhali-mbali, izazinzulu azikwazi unanamhla. Abanye babo deify umlawuli wokuqala Russian, echaza ezintsha yakhe kwinkqubo karhulumente kunye namazwe angaphandle. Abanye, phezu koko, uzama ukubonisa kuye okhohlakeleyo kunye despot, ubhekisela kubungqongqo kakhulu kunye nenkohlakalo ukuya kwizifundo zakhe. Kodwa umlando Peter 1 umfanekiso oboniswe ngezantsi, ubonisa indoda bazikhuthaze abafundileyo.

Ugxeke umlawuli wokuqala kunye ezintsha yokugula-ingqalelo ijolise, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ekutshabalaliseni bonke Russian, sithatha imilinganiselo yayo Western. Noko ke, ngokuqinisekileyo bevumelana into enye: oku okunene ingacaci, bemiqondiso, yaye inani elikhulu kwimbali karhulumente Russian.

Musani ukugweba, ukuze ningagwetywa

Xa sifundisisa ngenyameko lo mfanekiso kwimbali Peter 1, okudalwe ababhali imisebenzi ezininzi, sinako ukufikelela kwisigqibo elula: a loo yesazisi omkhulu ayikwazi kugwetywa olunye-sidedly. kwemida okungqongqo udidi "black and white" apha ayamkelekanga. Ukongeza ugxekwa, okanye, icala, Lwayindumiso kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ngokucacileyo kwimithetho kunye nezenzo ezikhoyo ngoko. Noko kubonakala ngamaxesha zasendle yaye enkwantyisayo kubo ababephila zethu, yaba zixhaphakile nje maleko ezahlukeneyo yabemi Russia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII.

Elichaza Petra Velikogo akakwazi ukwenza ukusetyenziswa esetyenziswayo yokuziphatha. Enjalo indlela iya kuba "flat 'nangokweemvakalelo. Yena wazenzakalisa sijongisise ngengqondo ephaphileyo ubunyani ngembali Muscovite karhulumente, kwaye ngoko ke ngenkulungwane Russian uBukhosi XVIII.

Ngoko ke, kufuneka nje ukuzama ukugxila ngokungakhethe kwi biography cala umlawuli wokuqala Russian nento yonke ezinxulumene nayo. Emva kokuba bonke abantu, badla ushiye uphawu yabo kuphela kwezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko.

Imfundo - isiseko kulungiselwa uchazo elizayo

Pet Alekseevich Romanov wazalwa ngo May 30, 1672. Kwakunye nayo yonke inzala kakumkani, umlawuli elizayo liye kuphela ekhaya-engafundanga. Kwaye kufuneka uvume ukuba, ngemilinganiselo namhlanje, sasingakwazi elungileyo. Nabanonopheli wabonisa lo mfana olungaka ngakumbi iilwimi zasemzini kunye nenzululwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, umlawuli elizayo ukususela ebuntwaneni kwadityaniswa nolangazelelo lomntu kunye nobugcisa. Nangona kukhetha yamana wanika iinzululwazi practical.

Unyana omncinane Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich kunye Natalia Naryshkin, uPetros omncinane, wakhula umntwana ngokuphawulekayo inokusityeda, kwaye womelele. Ngaphandle ebhotwe kweyobunzululwazi, yena ngovuyo yakhwela phezu zokubiya, walwa oontanga amanene wesangqa ngaphakathi yaye wenza nezinye pranks uphawu kweli phakade.

Craft - anomsebenzi ofanele ookumkani

Ukumangala ekhethekileyo zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, biographers bekusoloko amkhanuke unyana wokumkani bezandla abasebenzi eziqhelekileyo, lowo ngayo ngomdla eselula. Akukho namnye lo mfanekiso imbali Peter 1 ziphelele ngaphandle kwenkcazelo indlela uchitha iiyure ebukele umsebenzi owodwa okanye ubumnandi ukuphefumla umphunga eshushu ebhotwe Eziko ngayo.

Umdla unyana wokumkani nakuthathatha. amagcisa ezikhethekileyo zaye zabelwa, leyo waqala ukufundisa izisekelo uPetros kubugcisa elula: ukujika ushishino kunye kwesinyithi. Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuba andizange ngeendleko ishedyuli yoqeqesho ingundoqo yindlalifa abatsha. inzululwazi obububo, iilwimi zokufunda, isiseko esisiso inzululwazi zomkhosi asifikanga irhoxisiwe. Ukususela kwasebuntwaneni ekuqaleni, umlawuli elizayo ezifunyenweyo amazwe kunye nomgangatho wemfundo (ngokuchasene kwezinye mbali Koloni ukuba ikhaya safundiswa iRussia kuloo minyaka hlukile sidedness kunye nokungabikho yokufundisa).

Nangona kunjalo, i "simpleton" umbusi akasayi kubizwa ngokuba, ebukele njengoko igcisa wabhala umzobo Antropov Peter 1: royal bebephethe, ukuma kunye amehlo uthethe indoda enkulu enamandla. Kwaye nangona ngelo xesha umfanekiso umlawuli ufile phantse iminyaka engama-50, umbhali uye kubonisiwe zithembeke kakhulu.

Ibekwa ukuxhumana

Lo mfanekiso yezopolitiko Peter 1 kufuneka baqale ukubhala ukususela 1682. Emva kokufa engenabantwana Tsar Feodor Alekseevich oselula Romanov wanyuselwa etroneni. Noko ke, oko adlula umzalwana wakhe omkhulu Ivan, kunokuba akwaphalala ukuba basebenzise le Miloslavskys zeqela (udade izalamane abadala Petra - Sofia) lokuququzelela ubhedu ebhotwe. Miloslavsky wasebenzisa ngempumelelo uchulumanco Royal, yaye ngenxa Naryshkin clan, ebeyinalo unina uPetros, saphantse batshatyalaliswe. "UMdal" UKumkani omiselwe Ivan noAvela waba ibamba-umlawuli.

imvukelo Streletsky nobuvuvu nokubulala ekhohlakeleyo kwabuchaphazela kakhulu ubuntu uPetros Omkhulu. mbali abaninzi iyihlanganise na kwezi ziganeko ngakumbi, akusoloko elungeleleneyo, ukumkani enze.

Sophia, waba yinkosikazi kuphela kweli lizwe, phantse elubhacweni ukumkani Kumbi ezincinane - encinane zezindlu zooyise ilifa ipoma. Kwaba apha ukuba uPetros waqokelela Youngs amanene kufuphi bume, wadala edume "iishelfu kusonwabisa." imfundo Military le fomu, amagosa kunye abomkhosi uze uthobele olu qeqesho. Peter, Kakade ke, inkulu. Zisenzelwa ukonwabisa yokumkani oselula wakha "inqaba kuhlekwe", leyo, ufunde ukuba "izakhono yokulwa" wakhe, langena umkhosi kuhlekwe. Noko ke, bambalwa abantu ngoko nokuyazi, ukuba lo mntwana umdlalo amakhwenkwe yahamba ngeenxa ngemipu somthi kunye amakrele, phawula ekuqaleni wabasiki kaPetros odumileyo nezinzima.

Akukho elichaza Peter 1 ziphelele ngaphandle kukhankanywa Aleksandra Menshikova. Badibana kwindawo enye, kwi yoTshintsho. Unyana umyeni kule minyaka ilandelayo waba ngasekunene umlawuli kunye enye yamadoda inamandla ubukhosi.

Miloslavskys ubhedu

Ubuthakathaka bomzimba le "abadala" Tsar Ivan Regent Nozipho rhoqo ukuba bacinge malunga lobuzwilakhe ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe. Singqongwe ngamanene Miloslavskys olomeleleyo clan, umlawuli waba nentembelo ngokupheleleyo ukuba uya kuba nako ukuthatha amandla. Noko ke, endleleni eya itrone leyo uPetros. Wathanjiswa nguThixo kunye nokumkani ngokupheleleyo.

Ngo-Agasti 1689 Sophie wagqiba kwi mdibi d'AFP, injongo leyo ekupheliseni uPetros wazenza ukumkanikazi. Noko ke, abantu abathembekileyo elumkisa ukumkani uselula, yaye kwafuneka ukuba baphume yoTshintsho, efihliweyo kuBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Monastery. Woonongendi khange wakhethwa ngengozi. iindonga ashinyeneyo, izisele namatonela umenzi isithintelo enkulu intaba Streltsov Sofi. Kuhlaselwa yonke imithetho yenzululwazi yombutho Nozipho engazihlambanga ixesha okanye indlela. Ukongeza, umyalelo iindawo musketeer elite ngokuphandle madolw 'anzima, engazi leyo icala ukukhetha.

Ngubani ababekolo isigqibo ukusirhoxisa kuBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Pawulos? Oku akakhankanyi umfanekiso yembali kaPetros 1. Ngamafutshane, le ndawo kwaba ibulale ukuze Sofia nesilunge kakhulu kukumkani. Iingangamsha inkxaso uPetros. imikhosi yokulwa amahashe yeengcungcu kunye nomkhosi 'kuhlekwe "kunye musketeers oyinyaniso eyirhawula eMoscow. Nozipho wafunyaniswa enetyala waza entolongweni eMonastri, nabo bonke babengamahlakani Miloslavskys clan babulawa okanye elubhacweni.

Emva kokufa Tsar Ivan uPetros waba umnini kuphela etroneni eMoscow. Mhlawumbi ukuba uchaze iziganeko eyabangela ukuba litsha kakhulu yonke indlela Russian yobomi. Eneneni, abameli "imihla yangaphambili" ebusweni bamaxhoba kunye Miloslavskys rhoqo ukuzama ukususa emzimbeni umlawuli oselula, waphefumlela naye uloyiko ienjini ukuba, njengokuba bexesha bathi ukupeyinta umfanekiso engqondweni kaPetros 1, yabonakala ngobuso bakhe, wamphuthuma egeza phantse de kwasekufeni kwakhe. Nkqu ngabapeyinti isaziso kwaye ukuvelisa i yomelele ngokungaqhelekanga, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ebusweni wadinwa kakhulu bokumkani. Artist Nikitin, Umfanekiso Peter 1, leyo ayimangalisi ngendlela elula kunye nokungabikho izinto komlawuli, wamnika nje lo mntu onamandla unothanda yaye enamandla kodwa kakhulu ngokunyanisekileyo. Noko ke, abagxeki batyekele "asuse" ubuqaqawuli Nikitin, becaphula engaqhelekanga ekuqaleni isimbo lokuzoba leminyaka.

Window kwi Europe - kwidolophana German

Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi meko zibonakala umnqweno kakhulu yendalo kumkani uselula yonke yaseYurophu. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele indima Kukui - German Colony, leyo wayethanda ukuya kutyelela uKhesare. AmaJamani friendly kunye nendlela yabo icocekile yobomi eyahlukileyo kakhulu koko awayewubonile uPetros nabanye eMoscow efanayo. Kodwa, Kakade, hayi izindlu zicocekile. I koMlawuli sagcwaliswa indlela yobomi yale intwana encinane of Europe.

mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba lo tyelelo Kukui yinxalenye umfanekiso imbali kaPetros 1. Ngamafutshane, iimbono pro-Western elizayo. Asimele silibale ngokuthandana, kumkani zavedonnyh kwi ugcino German. Apho wadibana ne ligosa umhlala Swiss Frantsem Lefortom, owaba umcebisi zomkhosi inqununu, yaye uyathandeka Anna Mons - owuthandayo elizayo umlawuli wokuqala. Omabini la madoda adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali Russian.

Ukufikelela elwandle - umsebenzi ngobuchule

Peter kakhulu yaye babe nomdla ekufundeni kwizithuthi ngakumbi. iinkosi Dutch kunye IsiNgesi ngokukodwa waqesha ukumfundisa amaqhinga kunye nezimbo imikhumbi. Kamva, xa iflegi Russian iza kuhamba mnogopushechnye Zempi kunye frigates, uPetros ayikho nje kanye okanye kabini ulwazi luncedo le bokuqonda imikhumbi. Zonke azinaziphene, kwaye umtshato kolu lwakhiwo, yena kuchazwe ngokwakhe. Akumangalisi ukuba kwathiwa uKumkani-ngumchweli. Peter 1 ngokwenene ukwakha inqanawa ukusuka stem ukuya zangasemva ngezandla zakhe.

Noko ke, ebudeni kwasebutsheni bakhe impangele waba uphumo enye kuphela elwandle - kwisixeko Arkhangelsk. iinqanawa zaseYurophu, Kakade ke, baya kwizibuko, kodwa Ngokwendawo ndawo unelishwa kakhulu amakhonkco zorhwebo kakhulu (ngenxa iimpahla lokuthumela elide kwaye zibiza imali eRashiya). Le mbono wayetyelele, Kakade ke, hayi kuphela Poroshenko. Yokufikelela ulwandle kunye ngamalungu alo baye balwa, ubukhulu becala akuphumelelanga.

UPetros wagqiba ukuqhubeka amaphulo Azov. Ingakumbi eyaqala ngo-1686 baqhubeka imfazwe ne Turkey. Umkhosi, awathi wafundisa ngendlela European, wayesele amandla ukuloyisa. amaphulo asemkhosini iye babenikelwe umzi yolwandle Azov. Kodwa ihlale yimpumelelo kuphela. Noko ke, uloyiso ukuvela ngexabiso. A encinane, kodwa wakha ngelo xesha kunye yobunjineli inqaba yakutshanje ibango ubomi ezininzi Russian.

Nangona isibakala lungabanjwa of Azov eYurophu kwathathwa kakhulu abakholwanga (ngenxa ratio ilahleko), yaba uloyiso lokuqala yokwenene qhinga lo kumkani uselula. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ekugqibeleni eRashiya zifumana elwandle.

impi enkulu Northern

Nangona kugxeka frank ezopolitiko yaseYurophu, Peter 1 uqala ukucinga kuLwandle lweBaltic. Elite elibusayo ngelo xesha ochaphazelekayo nzulu amabhongo ezikhulayo kwenye zephephandaba entsha - i-Swedish ukumkani Karl XII. Oku kubangelwa kutheni baseYurophu inkxaso lo tsar eMoscow ekufuneni kwakhe ukufumana iqhekeza zamazwe onxweme lweBaltic ukuvula apho shipyards namazibuko. Kwakubonakala ukuba ukuba kumazibuko amabini okanye amathathu Russian sinako ukwenza nemfazwe kumbovu ukuba kuLwandle lweBaltic kakhulu buthathaka Sweden, leyo, nangona win buthathaka Russian, kodwa nzulu zixinge injalo impangele zasendle.

Ngoko ke waqalisa kwiMfazwe Northern elide. Wawuqala 1700 ukuya 1721 kwaye baphela ukoyiswa engalindelekanga yomkhosi Swedish kwi Poltava, kwakunye imvume phambi Russian kuLwandle lweBaltic.

wenguquko

Kakade ke, ngaphandle utshintsho kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko Russia Peter 1 akayi besika odumileyo "window ukuya eYurophu". Abahlaziyi ngokoqobo yonke indlela ebalulekileyo impangele. Ukuba sithethe ngalo umkhosi, ukuba nokubunjwa yayo iye elufumene eMntla War. UPetros wafumana imithombo langoku yawo nentlangano yemodeli yaseYurophu. Ukuba ekuqaleni umlo i balwa kwafuneka lijongane neeyunithi abadibenanga, ngokufuthi abangaqeqeshelwanga kwaye kakuhle bexhobile ekupheleni kwemfazwe bekuse umkhosi onamandla eYurophu, akwazi ukuphumelela.

Kodwa hayi kuphela ubuntu uPetros Omkhulu, uye ngetalente omangalisayo-ngqwayi, wamvumela ukuba aphumelele usindiso olukhulu. Indlela entle iinjengele bakhe abasenyongweni abaphila - isihloko kokuxoxa elide kunye nentsingiselo. Ngomhla ubuqhawe joni elula Russian yabhalwa ilejendi yonke. Kakade ke, akukho umkhosi ayikwazanga kuphumelela ngaphandle ngasemva kakhulu. Ukuba amabhongo zomkhosi bawubona uqoqosho Russia endala, bazisa kwelinye inqanaba ngokupheleleyo. Ngapha koko, izithethe endala bengakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zomkhosi lokukhula kunye weenqanawa. Phantse wonke umfanekiso lokudla Peter 1 sichaza weentonga zakhe zomkhosi okanye nezinto zomkhosi. Amagcisa imbeko * kuKhesare kusifanele.

Akukho impi eyodwa

akayi kuba ngokupheleleyo elichaza Peter 1 xa sinikela thina kuphela uloyiso kwezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi. Umlawuli kufuneka ahlawule irhafu ukuya kuphuhliso nokuphunyezwa kwingingqi iinguqulelo yolawulo. Okokuqala, iziko yeeNgwevu kunye iiplanga endaweni lixesha nokusebenza kumthetho ngokuphathelele le Boyar Duma nemiyalelo.

Yayilwa yi uPetros "Uluhlu sezikhundla" iye yabangela ukuvela ekuthiwa-bangazinzi kwindawo abakuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, le ikhadi iNgxelo wanika ithuba lokufumana okulungileyo ngabafo kuphela merit. Iinguqu zenziwa amazwe. Endaweni iingubo zangaphantsi ezinoboya endala kunye neminqwazi izinduna highborn, owamela eRashiya, oonozakuzaku wozakuzo kakade kwinqanaba yaseYurophu.

Inkcazelo Peter 1 Mfanekiso bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba sithethe kuphela luyamangalisa. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukunyuka ngokubanzi neAfrika eRashiya, ubomi babantu eziqhelekileyo neze kule lizwe, kwaye kwezinye iimeko (umzekelo, inkonzo yesinyanzelo yasemkhosini) uye waba mandundu. Ubomi serf elula eneriseka ngaphantsi kwe ubomi ihashe. Oku kakhulu olubonakalayo kwiindawo "jikelele" UPetros yokwakha. Amawaka abantu ababulawa ngokwakha isixeko esihle eYurophu - eSt Petersburg. Akukho mntu ebecinga lwabafileyo, kwaye ekwakhiweni Ladoga Canal ... Kwaye abaninzi abafana abazange babe ngamajoni, wafa phantsi namadindala izinti, ukungenisa ingqeqesho beeyunithi zomkhosi.

Kungenxa ukungaluxabisi olupheleleyo ubomi bomntu wokuqala umlawuli okanye uligxeke, engazibaleli kuye ngqondo, kwaye inani elikhulu amaxhoba nasihlahla. Ukongeza, sijongene yonke okuphawulekayo yayo imisebenzi lonya ngobunyani Peter 1.

Ukukhusela lo mntu uthi kuphela enye into. Lo mlawuli yokuqala ka-Russia akazange yinkomo edla yena nabantu bakhe abo imigama, elathi ukuba abalawuli ezilandelayo. A engundoqo amawaka amaxesha utshaba nako silahlukanise. Kwamenywa amaxesha Pet Alekseevich Romanov akwazi kurhaxwa nje ngeenqanawa abangafezekanga. Yaye ebudeni iiprojekthi zokwakha jikelele, walala enqabeni yomkhosi efanayo kunye nezigulane abakhi, ebenza isichenge ukubamba izigulo, ngelo xesha kuwo na iziyobisi.

Kakade ke, lilindwe iimbumbulu lutshaba loMlawuli ngaphezu joni eziqhelekileyo, waza waphathwa noogqirha elungileyo, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba bafe ukusuka umkhuhlane waba ngaphezulu lee kokuba umlimi ofana nathi. Noko ke, makhe sigqibe inkcazelo umzobo uPetros 1 memory isizathu sokuba ukufa kwakhe. WoMlawuli wabulawa yinyumoniya, nemali leyo efumaneka, ukonga amanzi abandayo urhoxile elunxwemeni Bosiki nejoni elula Neva. Inyaniso kukuba, kungekhona olubonakalayo kuthelekiswa izinto ebomini bakhe, kodwa uthi lukhulu. Kungenakwenzeka ukuba umntu ukususela mihla 'omkhulu, oligorha "iyakwazi senzo ...