Franz Lefort: ibhayografi emfutshane

ixesha Petrine kwimbali Russian isahleli iyeyona zibalaseleyo iqondo iinguqu ezinkulu eziye echaphazelekayo yonke indlela yobomi kweli lizwe. Ukumkani entsha, nangona ubuchule bakhe namandla lomlinganiswa, ukususela ekuqaleni kobukumkani odinga uncedo namacebiso ngokukhetha kwicala, iindlela kunye nezixhobo ngenxa yeenguqu yabo. Wafumana inkxaso phakathi nabo uyayiqonda imfuneko utshintsho, naphakathi bolunye uhlanga, yokuphila okanye indlela acinga ngayo leyo ubone ezinye iinkalo ezintsha kweli lizwe, leyo ayakhileyo. Franz Lefort wayengomnye ngabahlobo abathembekileyo Petra Velikogo, kangangoko bakhonza umlawuli kunye ikhaya elitsha.

Family wabathengi

Okhokho uPetros wempi evela Piedmont - kwiPhondo kumantla eItali. ifani zabo, kuqala elizongomayo Lefortti, ngoko, emveni kokuba safudukela eSwitzerland, ukuba butshintshe indlela French - Le Fort.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko, kuzisa ingeniso elungileyo Lefort waba chandlery (iikhemikhali indlu: ivanishi, ipeyinti, isepha) urhwebo. Merchant career elindileyo, kwaye Francois, owazalelwa 1656 eGeneva kunye yangaphambili omncinane koonyana abasixhenxe Yakoba Le Fort. Xa ngokuthi kayise Frants Lefort emva Geneva Collegium (kwizikolo eziziisekondari) ngo-1670 waya eMarseilles ukufunda ishishini zorhwebo.

Ozalelwe izenzo

Lo mfana mde, eyinzwana, wayesenamandla, inokusityeda nekhawulezayo-uyiZisa, okuchwayitha none- abayazi ikamva labo njengoko imi emva sokubala okanye ehleli edesikeni. Franz Lefort, ngobomi ogama ukuba ekuphindwa indlela nempumelelo yobomi bukayise kunye nezalamane basondeleyo, wabaleka wemka umrhwebi, eyenzelwe ukuba amfundise iziseko zamashishini, ikampu eMarseilles, apho wangena emkhosini nje ngodaba.

Ziyacatshukiswa Ngokuzithandela unyana wakhe, uYakobi Lefort kufuna ngokubuya konyana wakhe wabuyela ekhaya. akhuliswe Calvin okungqongqo akavumi Franz ukungamthobeli intloko-ntsapho, yaye ekufikeni kwakhe e Geneva, nangoku iya kusebenza evenkileni.

Kwathatha malunga neminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba Franz evela yakhe imvume kayise kunye nosapho ukuya kwinkonzo yamajoni iNkosana Courland. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1675 ehamba ukusuka eGeneva ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ukulwa kwindawo yokubonela ye Franco-Dutch War.

Xa isimemo le tsar Russian

kwiimfazwe zaseYurophu belo xesha ngokuqhelekileyo "mercenaries" imikhosi, wamenywa ngabalawuli ezininzi lwezigqeba ezincinane karhulumente. "Isosha Fortune» kwinkulungwane XVII waza waba Franz Lefort. biography emfutshane zezi ngcali zomkhosi kangangokuba uthotho amade kukhangela ubomi obungcono.

iintetho uxolo yaqala ngo-Holland. Disinherited emva kokufa kukayise, Lefort uyayamkela isimemo ye-Dutch uLieutenant Colonel Van Frostena, bahlanganise liqela uphakamiso- Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, yaye ekupheleni kowe-1675, nguye e Arkhangelsk, waza ke kunyaka olandelayo - eMoscow.

yokuhlala German

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ngexesha wafa, kwetrone unyana wakhe - Fyodor. iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba Lefort wamkelwa ngenxa emkhosini kunye elikwisikhundla nenduna. Ngeli xesha, wazinza kungena elikomkhulu impangele, ezinzile Quarter German, wenza abahlobo kunye baseYurophu, owayehlala eMoscow ixesha elide. Omnye abo bafuna ukufunda iilwimi, bezama ukuqonda amasiko endawo waza waba Franz Lefort. Ubuzwe abemi kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga yokuhlala kuhluka. kwelungiselelo elikhethekileyo of Franz wayekuthanda ukusuka yaseSkotlani Patrick Gordon, jikelele uPetros elizayo. Wada ikwazile ukuba atshate intombi abafuduki eNgilani uLieutenant Colonel Sug - Elizabeth.

Ekupheleni kuka 1678 Lefort (France Ya - njengoko kwazeka ku impangele) wamiselwa alimwi lenkampani, ilungu Kyïv ekampini, umthetho yi uGordon. Iminyaka emibini ukuba inkonzo ngaphandle ekampini e Kiev, wathabatha inxaxheba kumaphulo nxamnye nabantu iCrimea. Lefort wayekuthanda indawo Prince Vasily Golitsyn, odumileyo mazwi pro-Western.

Ngowe-1681 Lefort wakhululwa ikhefu ekhaya. E Geneva, le ntsapho wazama ukucenga naye ukuba abuyele kwilizwe abangaphucukanga, yaye siqhubeke sikhonza eYurophu. Kodwa Francois, ukusabela kakuhle eMoscow, wabuyela kulendawo waseJamani.

imikhankaso iCrimea

Emva kokubuyela eMoscow wafumana utshintsho kwi yesicelo. Emva kokufa Tsar Fedor kwi ubukumkani zaye wamthwesa abazalwana Ivan noPetros, phantsi Regency lodade wabo - imperious ukuvelela Nozipho. Prince Golitsyn waba azithandayo, kwaye nokomeleza igunya ngukumkanikazi umkhankaso ezimbini nxamnye iCrimea Turks. Zombini phulo yaba yimpumelelo ngenxa yamalungiselelo amahlwempu, kodwa Lefort, ndawonye iqulathe umphathi omkhulu, wazingqina igosa yokuluka, yaye kungekudala wonyuselwa ukuba sikhulu.

Kuba abathile mbali kukholelwa ukuba ukungaphumeleli phulo yesibini iCrimea (1689) ziye akabaxwa, njengoko kusenokuba, kodwa kungekudala emva kokuba amandla Nozipho ekugqibeleni kwawo: eMoscow wema ngeenyawo zakhe umlawuli omtsha - Pet.

peter rapprochement

Objects European, smart kunye uyathandeka, efundile yaye kungekudala igosa abanezakhono Franz Lefort waba neemfanelo obengumhlobo wokumkani mfana. Yena uPetros ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi kunye nenkqubo karhulumente, kunye nokulungiselela womkhosi eyiyo, kunye ekuphuculeni ubomi ngendlela yaseYurophu.

Ngenxa zonxibelelwano iqinile eGeneva, uFranz waqalisa ngesicelo esinye yasebukhosini ngenkuthalo ukumenywa impangele of iinjineli, abaziinkunkqele, gunsmiths kunye nezinye iingcali kulo lonke elaseYurophu, apho uPetros waziva engxakini enkulu.

House Lefort isahlulo German ngomnye nohombisoa kakhulu noluntu kwaye ndawo ifanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana abantu abanazo kwiinkampani ezininzi, uPetros abeyiqwebile ngeenxa zonke kuye. Uthe ke imali isixhobo endlwini Lefort iholo enkulu, apho ukumkani abasebatsha kude kokusingqongileyo olucacileyo yesicelo ukuba bachithe ixesha ngendlela yaseYurophu.

Kumsitho lokuzalwa indlalifa ngo-1690 e Moscow kwabhengezwa izisa ezininzi isangqa engaphakathi uPetros. Not sele ngoyaba kunye Lefort. Franz Yakovlevich waba General Major.

Lefortovo Sloboda

Xa isicelo Lefort, abafuna ukwenza eMoscow umkhosi rhoqo, phezu kodonga lasekhohlo Yauza amisele isithuba ukuba inkampu yomkhosi. Kukho wahlelwa ekundleni enkulu, nto leyo sokunikezela drill olunzulu kunye noqeqesho Committe, enqabeni zakhiwe kunye nezindlu ukuze amagosa. apho ngcembe kwasekwa kummandla wedolophu, ngoku sithwele igama Lefortovo.

UMajor General Lefort amandla enkulu yaqalisa ukulungiselela uhlobo olutsha umkhosi Russian. Ukulungiselela nokwenziwa komsebenzi imodeli yaseYurophu, wafuna ukugcinwa engqongqo yokuziphatha kunye nobugcisa eliphezulu amajoni kunye namagosa. Ngexesha uhlela - "uhambo kuhlekwe" - wabonisa isibindi lobuqu, omnye wenzakala kancinane.

Uhambo ku Azov

Ngo-1695 no 1696, amaphulo zomkhosi emzantsi, ebinezinto injongo inzuzo ukufikelela kuLwandle Black kunye nokoyikiswa Turkish ethintela imida esemazantsi eRashiya zaye zenziwa. Franz Lefort no Peter 1 kula amashishini abo ngentsebenziswano rhoqo zivaleke. Xa aphume ye inqaba Azov Lefort yaba phambi kokuba ahlaselwe, bada asithimbe utshaba iflegi.

Ngexesha lamalungiselelo kwesigaba sesibini sale Lefort imfazwe lasemzantsi waba Admiral of the Fleet. Peter kule ukuqeshwa ayiphume flotovodcheskih ezibalaseleyo izakhono Franz akazange ilifa. Waye yenkuthalo umsebenzi zibalulekile, amandla, ubukrelekrele, ukunyaniseka Lefort, ukuzinikela kwakhe buqu * kuKhesare. Kwakufuneka ukwakha iinqanawa ukuba fleet abatsha Russian, ukuze kuqeqeshwe amabutho. Kwiphulo yesibini Lefort wamiselwa injengele yomkhosi aselwandle.

laseMelika enkulu

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1697 e-eMoscow thunywa ongunozakuzaku abantu 250 baya eYurophu. INtloko thimba Lefort, uPetros waya njengomntu labucala. Injongo "Enkulu Embassy" wayeza ukuphumeza umanyene ithi yaseYurophu nxamnye Turkish uBukhosi, kwaye mlawuli oselula bafuna ukwanelisa ukwazi yakhe malunga yaseYurophu indlela yobomi, zomkhosi ezintsha nobuchwepheshe ezithwala.

Ngexesha ukhenketho European, Lefort waye igosa eliyintloko le Embassy. Wabakhapha iintetho esebenzayo ozakuzo, yasingatha imisitho, kwakuhambisana abezobupolitika aseYurophu, wathetha nabo wayefuna ukuba bangene kwinkonzo Russian. Wahlukana ndawonye kukumkani kuphela ngexesha sokuhlala kwakho eNgilani.

Ngehlobo lowe-1698 ukusuka oreja ufumene umyalezo malunga musketeers mvukelo owenza uPetros kunye noogxa bakhe ukuba abuyele kwangoko eRashiya.

nokulahlekelwa okukhulu

Ekubuyeni kwakhe elikomkhulu Lefort ngokutsho kukumkani inxaxheba izilingo abavukeli abatoli, lo gama kukho ubungqina logwayimbo sakhe nxamnye ukubanjwa ekubulaweni kwenqwaba, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuyo iyala.

Nihlabe uhambo ukuya eYurophu kwi Yauza yayakhelwe Ibhotwe Lefort, anikwe kuye uPetros. Kodwa gosa ukuba kuphela ukubhiyozela housewarming ngobuhle. Xa ekupheleni kukaFebruwari, nempilo yakhe yayisiba ngokukhawuleza. imiphumo zakhe elide-liwuthuthumbisa ye bawe ihashe ezenzeka kuye ngexesha leli phulo Azov. Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1699 wazala ebandayo, egula ngumkhuhlane-2 Matshi nyaka mnye wafa.

Yaba ilahleko enkulu kuba uPeter. Wathi yena ilahlekelwe umhlobo wokwenene, omnye kumaqabane uthembekileyo, nto leyo ingakumbi eziyimfuneko.

Abahlobo bokwenene, kwakunye iintshaba bungwanyalala, yaye Lefort. Franz Yakovlevich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane kuyafana kwisiqwenga inoveli adventure, abanye baye kwabangela intlonelo enzulu, abanye - intiyo ovuthayo. Kungenzeka, yayinguye umqalisi engundoqo ye nguqulelo Petrine, kubonakala yinxalenye mbali. Kodwa yena kuphela iqabane gay yokumkani, njengoko abanye besitsho, kakhulu, ubulungisa kakhulu. Phambi kwethu - ubomi umntu eliqaqambileyo yakhe, nayo yonke ifayibha kwentliziyo yam ndinqwenela indyebo elizweni, nto leyo yaba ikhaya lakhe yesibini.