American Indian-Mohawk. Kwimbali nenkcubeko yase esizweni

Amabutho - abantu abahlala kwimimandla engundoqo ye eUnited States naseKhanada. Eli qela uhlanga idume nje kuphela inkangeleko yayo engaqhelekanga, kodwa i imbali umdla kunye namasiko. Namhlanje sinikeza na uhambo umdla waya nasekudeni Lakes Great , uze ufunde okungakumbi ngendlela yokuphila indlela oyinzalelwane American Indian Mohawk.

Yintoni League of the amabutho?

Yezizathu ngo-1570 kwakukho Alliance of the amaNdiya ebizwa ngokuba uManyano Haudenosaunee. Ekuqaleni, le mfundo yayiquka izizwe ezintlanu: i Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, kedaga kunye Seneca. Kamva, ngowe-1770, ukuba lilungu League of Haudenosaunee wesizwe Tuscarora bagxothwa kwimimandla ekumzantsi eUnited States (ngoku Mpuma Carolina).

Ngenxa abafowunelwa n'wina yobuhlanga, yenkcubeko neyentlalo onke la maqela, kwaye kwakukho amabutho amaNdiya. inkcazelo lobuhlanga ngeke kwenziwe ngaphandle iimpawu izizwe ohlanganisa Haudenosaunee League. Ngoko ke, sijonga kwisizwe ngasinye ngakumbi.

Oneida Tribe

Oneida - nesizwe amabutho League. Ekuqaleni, inzala yakhe babehlala okumantla eNew York, zaza zahlala ilizwe mpuma Wisconsin (kufutshane Green Bay). "Mfo ilitye ezizinzileyo '- ngoko bazibiza seza ngaphandle Oneida Indian esizweni, i amaNdiya. Imbali lo gama enxulumene nesiko lendawo. Ngokutsho legend, embindini welali eziphambili Oneida wayesoloko wahambisa litye enkulu ebomvu. Eli litye waba uphawu ebalulekileyo esizweni.

Mohawk Tribe

Mohawk (Mohawk okanye) - North American Indian isizwe abahlala kwimimandla esempuma New York State. I Haudenosaunee League eli qela ebizwa ngokuba "abagcini-mnyango empumalanga." Namhlanje magavki - oku isizwe kakhulu amaninzi kwi amabutho ubuhlobo. Ngoku bahlala amaphondo Ontario kunye Quebec (Canada).

Abafownelwa yokuqala kwanesizwe baseYurophu Mohawk kwenzeka ngo-1634, xa ndanyathe- emhlabeni American i Dutch. Mohawk amabutho phambi kokuba omnye baqalisa ukurhweba kunye baseYurophu.

Ukususela kwisizwe Mohawk ezifana Ubuntu indumasi Dzhozef Brant (igosa British Army, wazibonakalisa ngexesha yaseMelika yoTshintshiselwano ngoLwazi), Kateri Tekakwitha (Holy Roman Catholic Church) kunye Polin Dzhonson (ongumdlali odumileyo eKhanada kunye nombhali).

Cayuga Tribe

Cayuga isizwe ekuqaleni bahlala kummandla Cayuga Ichibi phakathi kwizizwe zeli uSeneca kunye kedaga. Namhlanje inzala yabo bahlala kweli phondo Ontario (Canada) kwaye Perrysburg (New York, USA).

Inzalelwane Cayuga wezizwe Harry Umfama - ". Man Abafileyo" omnye umdlali odumileyo eKhanada, owaba Bulelani edumileyo movie "yamaPolisa Academy" yaye

kedaga isizwe

abameli tribal North American kedaga bazibiza "abantu ezindulini." Ekuqaleni, abantu kuqhutywa intsimi elime kule kumntla-ntshona State of New York. Kodwa emva kweMfazwe of Independence wesizwe United States bagxothwa kula mazwe kunye ahlala iindawo Ontario (Canada).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i League of kedaga Haudenosaunee isizwe waba "bazalwana ezinkulu", okt. E. wayebambe izikhundla yokukhokela eSoviet Union.

Seneca Tribe

Abantu bomthonyama yesizwe uSeneca bazibize "entabeni abantu". Kaloku aba bantu ohlala kunxweme uSeneca Lake, ibekwe kumazantsi Ontario kunye Genesee River kumantla eNew York. Ekuqaleni, Seneca ithatha indawo enkulu ukusuka eNew York ukuya Pennsylvania.

Ukusuka kwimbali yesizwe

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XI amaNdiya ahlala kwintsimi enkulu phakathi umlambo St. Lawrence River kunye Lake Ontario. Kangangexesha elide babehlala kwindawo algonkinoyazychnyh izizwe (Ojibwa, emva kwesehlo, Algonquins) kwaye walwa imfazwe rhoqo ukuze ilizwe labo.

Abafownelwa ezikufutshane League of the amaNdiya agcinwe Dutch. Abarhwebi yaseYurophu ethengwe kwiintlanga zalapho beaver khumba endaweni wabanika nemipu. Xa zonke beaver kule ndawo phakathi komlambo St. Lawrence River kunye Lake Ontario ngewuthe shwaka, i-Dutch ekwandiseni amabutho ukuba zifake umhlaba omtsha. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ekuqaleni ekuthiwa-Beaver Wars. Ngowe-1660, i-amaNdiya waqalisa ukwenza ziphembelele New France. Esi sixeko iye yaxhasa amathanga yayo, ukuze izizwe North American waqala ukuba uhluleke. Ngelo xesha, amajoni aseBritani wathimba thanga Dutch of New Netherland, acuthe amaNdiya loomahlulelane zibalulekileyo kurhwebo.

Ngowe-1688, imfazwe phezu ilifa IsiNgesi phakathi France neBritani. Kulo impixano, i amaNdiya ezibe ngakwicala British. Ukongeza, izizwe North American ukuba babaxhase isiFrentshi kunye Indian War. Ezi mfazwe zombini ziye zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukulingana kwamandla kweli lizwekazi. I amabutho baye baba baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kunikezelo iingalo ukusuka eNgilani.

I amabutho kwi yaseMelika yoTshintshiselwano ngoLwazi

Ngowe-1775 waqala yaseMelika yoTshintshiselwano ngoLwazi. Kule impixano, kuyo, kwelinye icala, i-United Kingdom kunye anikeze (okt sinyanisekile urhulumente British ..), Yaye kwelinye icala - 13 amakoloni British. Uninzi amaNdiya ngexesha lemfazwe wakhuthaza cala. Great Council Haudenosaunee League nayo ekuqaleni akazange athathe cala kwezopolitiko. Noko ke, ngo-1777, i-amaNdiya ababephesheya of Great Britain. Esona sizathu soku kukuba eNgilani yaba iingalo umthengisi engundoqo izizwe North American. Ukongeza, abasemagunyeni zamakoloniyali wabalela bomthonyama zabo kweyona kummandla ongasentshonalanga Appalachian Mountains ukuthintela ukubethabethana kunye amaNdiya.

Emva kwemfazwe, i-United Kingdom wanika ilizwe amaNdiya phantsi kolawulo US. Ngeli thuba i-Haudenosaunee League yaphela. Inxalenye amaNdiya yafudukela ngasentla - ezweni elinikwe isithsaba British ngenkxaso yayo emfazweni. Ezinye izizwe isiqingatha Haudenosaunee League wahlala kummandla New York.

Uqoqosho kunye nobomi American amabutho

Ngoko ke, wahlala njani yena wakhokela ubomi obulula Indian-Mohawk? Iimpawu isiko zezizwe North American owayehlala kummandla Great Lakes, esekwe phantsi kwempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle. Lo mmandla eyayihlala amaNdiya, zaziyi phezu crests zeentaba. La mazwe zagutyungelwa zamahlathi engqongwe imilambo namachibi. iimeko zemozulu ziye zabangela kwicandelo elithile zezizwe North American.

I amabutho babehlala kwizindlu ezinkulu eliphangaleleyo - ovachirah. Zazakhiwe enembonakalo oluxande nophahla umphanda-ezimile.

Isoutbos eliyinhloko izizwe zombona. emasimini Corn bahlale ezindaweni enkulu (ukuya ku-9 km radius). Ukongeza, i-amaNdiya kulinywa iimbotyi kunye ithanga.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 kubhaliwe ngenkuthalo ekuphuhliseni urhwebo yomkhosi noboya. Oku kwakungenxa ukuvala abafowunelwa kunye norhwebo kunye ababevela. BaseYurophu izizwe North American uniklezele beaver iimfele, ezo zasetyenziselwa imveliso neminqwazi ezinoboya. umsebenzi lwezolimo, njengoko umthetho, benza kuphela kwabasetyhini.

Ubomi sezopolitiko i amabutho

Xa ubomi zopolitiko zezizwe North American wayenesikhundla lubalaseleyo Haudenosaunee League. amalungu alo ukuba sigcine uxolo phakathi kwabo. Anebala League Council of Chiefs, equka sachems 50. amalungu anyulwe yi oomama uzalayo. Council Regulation kuxoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwisizwe ngasinye, uze wenze isigqibo linye. inkokheli ngamnye azo naluphi na isigwebo. Isigqibo yokuqala yeBhunga wathetha Mohawks, ngoko - uSeneca kunye Oneida, kanye lama - Cayuga kunye kedaga.

Yonke imithetho namasiko zezizwe Haudenosaunee League zarekhodwa kwi "Incwadi yomthetho Enkulu." Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-siseko US ke angumfuziselo kolu xwebhu.

Ubume kwezentlalo izizwe North American

Iyunithi iphambili isixhobo kawonke amaNdiya wazalwa, nto leyo likhokelwa umfazi. amalungu alo obuhlangeneyo belizwe kunye nomhlaba wezolimo. clan ngamnye kwakubhalwe igama elithile usapho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko ezinxulumene igama lesilwanyana. Zonke iintlobo amabhinqa athathe inxaxheba ibhodi delivery. Kwiintlanganiso zawo sachems anyuliweyo - Chiefs Council.

Ukubunjwa lungaquka izizwe ukusuka kwisizukulwana-10 ukuya ku-3. Ngoko, kwi uSeneca, kedaga kunye Cayuga kwakukho 8, lo gama i-Mohawk kunye Oneida - 3.

amabutho imbonakalo

Gumbini American Indian-Mohawk, iifoto leyo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi, Ngokwahlukileyo koko abaninzi namhlanje, akazange anxibe iinwele "Mohawk". Amadoda kunye neenkokeli zesizwe, njengoko umthetho, wayicheba ngokupheleleyo iinwele. Kukho wahlala nje elincinane "ye lock isikhumba".

Amabutho umbono silwe wathabatha kuphela ngexesha amaphulo zomkhosi kunye nemibhiyozo ezinkulu zonqulo. Alungise oko yayifana ethandwayo kancinci nje namhlanje ngokubekwa amajoni ayenxiba isizwe kedaga. Bona uchetyiwe ngokupheleleyo iinwele, kusale nje isiqwenga encinane ecaleni embindini entloko, nto leyo ke zithi shinyi, zibe qhina.

imibono yenkolo

Ekuqaleni, isiseko unqulo totemism amaNdiya - inkolelo izilwanyana amakhulu. Izilwanyana baye bakhonza imisebenzi Protection eponyms uhlobo ngexesha lemfazwe, ukubukelwa ezolimo nokuzingela. Umzekelo, Mohawk, oya ekulweni, ethwele nabo iingalo kunye ephambili kwisizwe picture totem.

Ezi namahlelo kutshanje ndizuze ukubaluleka yorhwebo. I amabutho wayekholelwa ukuba isizwe kufuneka kuzingela isilwanyana sabo totem. Ngokuphathelele oku ethandwa kakhulu phakathi Indians North American basebenzisa ukunqulwa ibhere.

Ukongeza, kubomi yonqulo amaNdiya ukubaluleka abazifumene emahlelweni yezolimo. Izizwe babenqula nomhlaba ayeze daruyuschuyu kubo amandla. Ezithandwa kakhulu yaba ukunqulwa "abathathu oodade-abongikazi" - izityalo eziphambili (umbona, iimbotyi squash).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amabutho phambi kwezinye izizwe North American babesilwa kunye nemfundiso yamaKristu. Ekugqibeleni inkolo yaseYurophu yaba yinxalenye yobomi babo. Okwangoku, i amaNdiya Bangabantu Christian.

Ubugcisa nempi amaNdiya

Emva kokuba kwasekwa uManyano Haudenosaunee amandla omkhosi izizwe ngaphambili saa anda kakhulu. Ngaphambi ezingalweni zoqhagamshelwano yaseYurophu amaNdiya bezibandakanya izaphetha neentolo, imikhonto kunye namaqela. Ngaphezu koko, baye basebenzisa namakhaka yeplanga ekhusela umzimba, intloko namanqina zabanyathela ngezihlangu ekungxoleni. Qala umsebenzi exakeke kunye Dutch kwakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho kubomi zomkhosi zezizwe North American.

BaseYurophu ndibabonelela ngemipu kunye ngezinkempe. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ntsingiselo kwangoko indawo abaziqhelileyo zokuzikhusela amaNdiya (isaphetha arrow). Ukuqaliswa nemipu kwakhokelela ekubeni eli ligatya iibhodi ngamaplanga. Ukususela ngoko amaNdiya nabo baqalisa ukusebenzisa amacebo amatsha edabini - uchithachitha ndlela kwi edabini.

I amabutho baba phambili ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo yeemveliso ezintsha kunezinye izizwe North American. Oku negalelo elikhulu abafowunelwa kurhwebo olusondeleyo abeLungu.