Iirhuluneli - a ... Intsingiselo yegama elithi "irhuluneli"

ngekhulu XIII eRashiya yabalasela manyano oozilawuli mpuma. Isixeko capital, apho umthetheli obehleli, wonyulwa eMoscow. Ngelo inkonzo, waba eninzi izinduna, ezinye zazo Sizibandakanye inkonzo nokubonelela yonke ngqo prince eziyimfuneko kunye nelakhe ibhotwe (uRabheshake) emva kuzaliswa Treasury (unondyebo), ukulungiselela ukugcinwa yokulwa-olulungilyo amajoni, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Noko ke, inkosana akukho banomdla ngaphantsi ebomini kwi elikomkhulu kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu ezilokishini, okanye, ngendlela elula, kwimiphetho karhulumente. Kwaba ngoko ukuba isikhulu wagqiba ukudala iindawo ezifana iirhuluneli volosteli. Esi sigqibo senzelwe kuphela ukuba zilandele ngqo indlela kurhulumente, kodwa ukuba iliso imida Russia. Ngubani umlawuli ayenikwe zithuba? Yintoni le misebenzi wayibeka phezu iirhuluneli volosteley? Yintoni indima yazo eziphambili? Kule kunye nezinye izinto, eli nqaku liza kukuxelela.

Igama elithi "irhuluneli"

Ukuthetha ulwimi isayensi, ukuba inani iirhuluneli ziquka abantu ngokwemiyalelo Prince, waya emzini inkulu eRashiya, ukuba bamele umdla bayo apho. Yayilulawulo yokuqala ngo Novgorod, kwaye abantu ekuqaleni, owenza ukumkani, "ngoko nangoko", wabizwa ngokuba "Knyazhye indoda." Kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, le Abantu okweso yonke babebizwa "kwabalawuli". Le nto ke iye negalelo ukomeleza amandla yenkulu kwelinye icala, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ulucombulule izandla abathile amagosa abanganyanisekanga ngamanye amaxesha nga pfumelelana ni swiyimo semthethweni izilangazelelo zabo. Kodwa Yayilulawulo waqhubeka kwaze eqhineni etroneni Ivana Groznogo, eseyiphantse 4 iinkulungwane.

Kule mihla igama elithi "irhuluneli" weza izinto. Ngoko kubiza abameli ibandla, abo baphathiswe ekwenzeni imisebenzi ubhishophu ngexesha lokungabikho kwakhe.

Inkqubo ukuze bafumane izikhundla

Njengokuba siye seva ngaphambili, iirhuluneli - bona abameli benganga, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba apho kuyo ukufumana esi sikhundla nako kuphela indoda yentsapho izinduna, ingakumbi yasondela yasebukhosini. Prince ayenziwanga kuthathelwa ingqalelo izimvo zabantu abahlala kwisithili esithile okanye ulawulo, kwaye sikhokelwa izinto zabo. Kwidolophu zonke engundoqo Prince of eMoscow neerhuluneli 'zabo ". Oku kuchaphazela ilungelo sabelo ngakumbi, apho isikhundla baba ilifa wazala unyana. Umzekelo oku kuba inyani e Meshchera kangangeenkulungwane phantse 2 kwabalawuli babengabameli enye intsapho boyar.

Imisebenzi esemqoka irhuluneli

Yintoni, ke ngoko, imisebenzi kufuneka iirhuluneli? Okokuqala, bakwazi ukwenza iintshukumo zomthetho kunye nezinye eyenzelwe ukubuyisela ukuze kwizabelo zabo. Phantsi kolawulo irhuluneli wavuka zombini amatyala embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Okwesibini, bobabini abathetheli kunye nempahla prince singamagosa xa ngasemva zabo. Noko ke, ishishini engundoqo irhuluneli ukuqokelela ezi iirhafu kunye irhafu xa amanene:

• iirikhwizishini periodic (iKrismesi, Petrovsky kunye Omkhulu);
• zintlawulo zenkundla;
• urhwebo kunye umshado iirhafu;
• Engena Irhafu ukunqumla iinqwelo seLizwe kunye nempahla.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba efunyenwe ngale ndlela kuthetha akukho nje umthetheli, kodwa iirhuluneli ngokwabo. Lo msebenzi baye babeka ngasentla eminye imisebenzi yakhe, ngenxa yoko isoloko ibuzwa ixhala phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Nabalawuli kunye volosteli: yintoni umahluko?

Nabalawuli kunye volosteli - amagama ezimbini zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa. Nangona kukho ukufana kakhulu umsebenzi owenziwa, volosteli wema phezu inyathelo ngezantsi neerhuluneli. Xa kuthelekiswa inkqubo yanamhlanje karhulumente, i-volostelya nga lifike intloko kamasipala encinane, nerhuluneli - ukuya intloko yesixeko okanye mmandla wonke. Ukuba irhuluneli kufuneka bazame kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko volostelyam bavunyelwa ukuba baqhube amatyala embambano kuphela. Ukufunda nokubhala kwi "ukutya" oko kukuthi, ukuqokelelwa iirhafu kunye iintlawuliso, volosteli efunyenwe irhuluneli okanye ngqo kwi Duke. Njengoko kwakunye iirhuluneli, volosteli ngokusetyenziswa kakubi igunya labo, kangangokuba kunye ukufika Ivana Groznogo ziye zapheliswa zombini zithuba.