Imbali zesinyithi, bamandulo ayini mihla

ayina Modern ziluncedo kakhulu kuqoqosho - ukuba stroked, Ububahluba, kwaye konke oku aku- kuphekeka lula! Ke ubani owavela intsimbi okwesihlandlo sokuqala? Olunjani ke ekuqaleni? Inqaku elilandelayo lichaza imbali yentsimbi.

Amaxesha amandulo

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, imbali intsimbi iqala kumaxesha amandulo. izizwe Aztec, kungenzeka esetyenziselwe le njongo, amatye zesiqhelo, apho zibekwa kwi ineempahla wemka okwethutyana. Stone wenza njengoko eendaba kunye nempahla mpuluswa phantsi umzimba wakhe.

Kuba ndezela ookhokho bethu esolula ilaphu emanzi kunye yomile elangeni. AmaGrike ngamakhoboka kuphela walungisa, kodwa nazo zikwadala Imihlubulo iimpahla. Ukwenza le ngokuphuma ngelaphu basungula pleating, kunye nomphumela kwaphunyelelwa ngokusebenzisa izinti metal shushu.

AmaRoma ayesebenzisa ukulungelelanisa izando yesinyithi. Bathi iindwendwe "yeni 'isondo iimpahla ezimanzi. I-Chinese kwinkulungwane IV basebenzisa isixhobo, efana ekwimo espan.

I nokuxubana zaye ayipheleli isixhobo enye. Bakulungise izinto with "Val" - induku igqityezelwe ngesiphatho - yaye "rubel" - Ibhodi yenyuka. Clothing ngenxeba kwi "outrigger", yaye ngaphezulu liqengqiwe "rubel", okanye njengoko ibizwa ngokuba, "pralku". Ngokusebenzisa izenzo ezinjalo mpuluswa nje kuphela iimpahla, kodwa wathambisa oko, kuba ilaphu liqulethe Imisonto ontlakantlaka zendalo.

Middle Leminyaka ayina phezu kwamalahle

Njengoko sibonile, imfuneko sisixhobo ayina cishe njalo. Mhlawumbi cavemen kusetyenziswa izinti okanye amathambo ngokulalisa ulusu wabulala nje omkhulu.

KumaXesha Aphakathi imbali intsimbi iyaqhubeka yawo. EYurophu, siye wasebenzisa obuselukhambeni, apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba evela eTshayina. Wawagalela phezu kwamalahle avuthayo, ephethe isiphatho, ikhokelwa ngu impahla, smoothing ngaphandle imibimbi. Ukwenza oku akukhuselekanga, ngokuba yenkwenkwezi ebhabhayo avuthayo nanokujongela ndizenzakali- umntu wokukhusela kwimveliso.

Kwinkulungwane XVI ukubuyisela roaster kufika ayini amalahle, ukuba ekwabizwa ngokuba umphunga. izixhobo ezinjalo kufuneka yokuvula yokuhlala wamalahle, waye isiphatho phezulu, kwaye emacaleni - imingxuma ezincinane. On kwabanye kwaba sekunjalo umbhobho ukunika traction engcono.

Emazantsi intsimbi lupholile kwacotha ngaphezu, nowezojiweyo ngepani kaJohn. Ukuze anike wamalahle hlisa umoya, bavuthela Ekungeneni ecaleni. ezi ayina ziye kwakunzima, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukuba kuphembelela ubushushu azitshangatshangise kumacala ahlukeneyo. Le ukufana ngokushushubeza isiseko grille enikiweyo, apho ibekwe ngaphakathi, phantsi iintlantsi. Umphunga ayina nangona bathe baba braziers lula ngakumbi, kodwa wayengakwazi avuthayo zingonakalisa laphu.

Siphose-zilolana

Ngcembe kusenzeka fashion nokuluka. IziTayile Tokwe ziye ezinobunzima, yaye eli laphu - kuba nje ukubhitya yeentloni. izinti aqhelekileyo kunye nezibambo eziyingozi pan-fryer ayifaneleki. Okokuqala, ngaphakathi ngentsimbi ngomphunga wabeka osuke ingot yentsimbi (endaweni amalahle). Emva ngokuphelele indawo isakhiwo kwesinyithi entsimbini.

Noko ke, isixhobo esinjalo nezinobunzima-10 eekhilogram, ngoko isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa ilaphu irhabaxa.

Ayina ezincinane esetyenziselwa amalaphu noxhamla ubuncwane. Cuffs, iminqwazi, iisuti ehlanganisa ayini iindawo zentsimbi kunye ukugoba ezahlukeneyo. nokuba kwakukho ayini isikhuseli ekhethekileyo, ukuphindaphinda ifomu zeeglavu. Nanku iinkcubeko.

Ekuvunweni ayina ngentsimbi zazibhalwe yokuqala ngokucokisekileyo seliphantse ukugqitha kwi-oveni okanye ngomlilo. Oku yathatha ixesha elide, maxa wambi ukuya ngeyure. Ngoko ke, abaqambi, nigqibelele isixhobo edingeka kakhulu, ukwenza esikhutshwayo. Xa kunjalo, intsimbi yasetyenziswa ababini: omnye kudalwe kunye kwindawo yesibini, ebonelela yokonga ixesha ebalulekileyo.

ayina uphose Solid eziveliswa eRashiya kude kwinkulungwane ye XX, nesinyithi yokugqibela kokukhululwa isingatha asuswayo emuva 1989.

imisebenzi yobugcisa

Ukongeza ngokweempawu luncedo, ayini ubudala yaye kubuhle. Ukuveliswa ezinjalo "aggregate" yaba inkqubo yoyilo. Nezibambo ezaphukileyo, izahlulo ngapha top isiqabu benza, badla ezihonjiswe izivatho. Umphezulu isale nezinye ngesinyithi, ezifana nobhedu, ngokuba anika omkhulu esisixa zentsimbi ahlukahlukeneyo.

Ingakumbi kuba iintsapho zobunene ayini zenziwe ukuze. Bona ezenziwe ngobhedu kunye nesilivere inlays, zaba nemikrolo izibambo ngamaplanga.

Ukuthenga isixhobo ayinqwenelayo kuqoqosho, kwakudingeka ukuba sichithe imali kakubi. Bathi zibiza kakhulu, kwaye zenza yinxalenye yobomi bentsapho, utshintsho kubazali abantwana ilifa. In Russia and Ukraine ngeentsimbi ibekwe kufuphi samovar kwi nelaphu ntambo, azibonise ngathi ivazi omhle okanye umfanekiso.

Ayina utshwala

E eJamani, kwinkulungwane XIX kokusungulwa ayini zokusebenza ngenxa yotywala. Ukuze esi sixhobo eziqhotyoshelwe ibhokisi yentsimbi apho wathulula utywala. tube Thin ngaphakathi intsimbi nto zibambene nayo kwibhokisi kunye notywala. Kwamafutha ndibika kuye ngaphakathi, ngoko eKapa ngesandla zitshiswe.

imifuziselo Utywala ibe yinto yokwenene. Baba lula ukuyisebenzisa kwabo kwaba lula ngakumbi. ERashiya, le zentsimbi wayenokunikela 10 kwesinyithi. Yaye utywala akukho mntu wayefuna ukuguqulela ilize, ukuze fyabo ayizange unamathele. Ukongezelela utywala, kwakukho ayini zeparafini kunye efanayo isimiso ukusebenza.

E Novgorod, bake wasungula umatshini kolona ngamanzi. Ngaphezu kokuba saqhotyoshelwa iketile, leyo yothani amanzi, yaye kuyo kunye soleplate shushu.

ayina igesi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX ngenkuthalo zazisebenzisa igesi. Imbonakalo ayini, leyo shushu yi komlilo. ibhotile Gas saqhotyoshelwa kwisixhobo, kwaye ngaphakathi zisiza ukuba uqhagamshele ithumbu metal.

Ulwakhiwo yongezwe impompo, nto leyo maxa wambi ikhatshwe fan. Isendaweni kaloku esicikweni yentsimbi. Ukuze ziyindlela emsebenzini, oko inxeba phezulu iqhosha. Fan isiqalo ojikeleza ukumpompa amafutha ukusuka umphanda ihlaba ithumbu metal. A ezininzi ezinemingxuma ityhubhu wadlula ngeembadada gas ukuya sokukhuphela. Iron utshiswe, kwaye sobushushu kunyuka gas yokutsha ukufudumala kuphela.

Esebenzisa le ndlela, mhlawumbi kwenza ubomi lula, xa kuthelekiswa ngeentsimbi zentsimbi emikhulu. Kuphela ekuziphatheni ayiqondakali. Ukungahoywa, kunye nokungakhathali eziqhelekileyo kwakhokelela iingozi rhoqo - imililo kunye neziqhushumbisi.

ngogesi mangaliso

Umbane kwaba isipho eningenakukholwa uluntu. Ngayo, ubomi kulula, kunye ezintsha nezixhobo yasungulwa omnye emva komnye. I zentsimbi yokuqala zombane banika ihlabathi Henry Seeley Juni 6, 1882.

Isiseko yaba izakhiwo ubushushu arc, obufihlwe unit. Yayikumgama phakathi ezimbini electrode carbon, apho belisondliwa lwangoku. Uyilo wayengafezekanga, ngoko ukusetyenziswa yentsimbi ngenyameko kakhulu - kuwe unokuxhuzulwa ngumbane.

electrode arc kamva kufakwe endaweni yakhe, ukuza leyo yodwa ngcono kakhulu. abenzi Modern of ayini zisasebenzisa le design. Ukutshintsha kuphela iinkcukacha, iminyaka ngeminyaka yonke bephuhlisa kanye yasungulwa nendlela.

On zombane Seta thermostat esweni ubushushu, esi sikhokelo wentsimbi iye iglasi bokusebenzisa, kwakukho ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo kunye neendlela.

olondolozo lwembali

In memory of elidlulileyo ehlabathini lonke, kukho amaziko olondolozo lwembali, apho ungafumana model ngeentsimbi zakudala. ERashiya, e Pereyaslav-Zalessky Museum of intsimbi eyavela i ivenkile ngezinto zakudala. Kuye kwavulwa ngo-2002. UMlawuli we-Museum ukuthenga ngenkuthalo ayini, inkcitho ingaphezulu kwe-30 amawaka eerandi. Inkoliso yabo sithengwe Vernissage e Izmailovo eMoscow.

Iluphawu ingqokelela imiboniso 200. Apha uyakwazi ukufumana nentsimbi, kunye neemodeli umphunga kunye ubushushu. I-museum na iholide nokuba ayine izihlandlo ezimbalwa ngonyaka.

Kwisixeko Ukrainian ka Zaporozhye yentsimbi lwembali yavulwa kutshanje kakhulu. Workers 'zeMidlalo yokuQabela Theatre "beza kuqokelela ayini imodeli antique ngengozi. Emva kweminyaka emine Ukuqokelela bahlanganisana imiboniso ngokwaneleyo lokuqala myuziyam.

Kweziko okwindawo 300 ayini, ezinye zazo ezaziphiwe Museum of Pereyaslav-Zaleski. Apha uyakwazi ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha ngembali kunye nophuhliso isixhobo indlu ezifuneka kakhulu.

Kwakhona Iron unalo iyimyuziyam elikomkhulu Latvia, kwisixeko Grodno, e Belarus, eFransi, ku Roubaix. Qokelela nabo eUnited States, i-Netherlands ne-Japan.

Enye iimyuziyam inkulu - French. Oku kuqokelelwa malunga 4000 imiboniso, kuquka imizekelo kwinkulungwane XVI. I-museum nokuba yangaphantsi kukho amagumbi ngeqanda, kwakunye machines ayina izinto.

isiphelo

Imbali lweengcambu zentsimbi emva kweenkulungwane. ukuphucula rhoqo, izixhobo ukuguqula inkangeleko yazo. I-ayini Ukusungulwa kuza indlela ende ukusuka eyingozi, ezele imifuziselo zamalahle enkulu ongangokugibisela intsimbi, ukususela utywala ukuya emandleni. Ngoku ke iron - simanga kakhulu eziqhelekileyo banal, kodwa ngaphambili ukuba zisetyenziswa kuphela kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa wakhonza uhombiso ekhaya. imifuziselo yangoku basebenzisa uyilo leyo lwasungulwa ngenkulungwane XIX, kodwa bayaqhubeka ukutshintsha imilo kunye neenkcukacha.