Heisenberg kaThixo ukungaqiniseki - emnyango ukuya microworld

Xa maks iplanga oselula exelele utishala wakhe ukuba ufuna ukuqhubeka ukuzibandakanya physics yeengcingane, wancuma waza wamqinisekisa ukuba ndafunda nje akukho akunanto yakwenza - ngasekhohlo kuphela "kucocwe rough." Awu! Imigudu Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger kunye nabanye. Yonke into ubuso balo, ukuze kakuhle ukuba uya kubuya umva, yaye ngaphambi iindlela. Ngapha - ngaphezulu, phakathi ngesiquphe kubonakala ithiyori jikelele sisiphithiphithi, umzekelo, i-Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki. Njengoko bathi, yinto nje akwanelanga. Ekuveleni kweenkulungwane 19-20, izazinzulu ziye wavula umnyango ukuya kwindawo ezingaziwayo amasuntswana nezakhiwo, kwaye kukho ubuchwephetshe yesiqhelo Newtonian akuphumelelanga.

Kubonakala, "phambi", yonke into kakuhle - ukuba umzimba wenyama, ngoko ezihambelanayo yayo. In "physics eqhelekileyo," ungasoloko uthathe utolo uze ucacise 'ukhangele "kwi" obuqhelekileyo "injongo yayo, nokuba ezihambayo. Isiliphu kuthiwa ngaphandle - imithetho Newton musa ukwenza iimpazamo. Kodwa nantsi into yesifundo iya ezincinane - ingqolowa, zinemoletyhule, atom. Okokuqala zinyamalale yakhiwe ngqo le into, kwaye ke inkcazelo awo avele uqikelelo probabilistic ye amazinga ngenxa zegesi, yaye ekugqibeleni, uququzelelo molecule enziwe "avareji", kodwa singatsho malunga kwemolekyuli igesi: mhlawumbi apha, okanye phaya, kodwa kusenokwenzeka nokuba inkoliso ethile kule ndawo. Ixesha ziya kudlula, nokusombulula ingxaki le Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki, kodwa kamva, kodwa ngoku ... Zama ukuba ukubetha i "indumezulu theoretical" kwi nto ukuba "kwi imvelaphi ezinokwenzeka." Babuthathaka? Kwaye yintoni uhlobo lwento, yintoni ubukhulu bakhe, ukuma? Bekukho imibuzo ngaphezu iimpendulo.

Yaye kuthekani atom? Well imodeli zomhlaba eyaziwa ngoku yaphakanyiswa ngo-1911 yaye ngoko nangoko yabangela imibuzo emininzi. Chief phakathi kwabo bobabini ibanjwa electron komzila ezimbi yaye kutheni angawi kwi isiqalo ezintle? Njengoko bathi - Umbuzo elungileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke izibalo theoretical component ngeli xesha kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ubucukubhede yamandulo - ukungaqiniseki Heisenberg iye na iphumelele unendima ebalulekileyo kwithiyori ye atom. Oku akuthethi ukuba izazinzulu ukuqonda kakuhle ubucukubhede ye atom. "Spas" Niels Bohr atom - wamnika uzinzo kwingcinga yokuba electron onomlinganiselo Orbital, ekubeni apho akazi ziveza amandla, ie, musani wolahlekwa nguwo kwaye kweyela ngumongo.

Study kwi ukuqhubeka amandla ithi ye atom sele unike ifuthe kuphuhliso yemvelo entsha ngokupheleleyo - umyinge, niqale maks umqadi 1900. Wasisusa ngxaki yokusetyenziswa quantization amandla, kunye Niels Bohr wafumana ukusetyenziswa yona. Kamva, Noko ke, kwafunyaniswa ukuba echazwe umfuziselo ubucukubhede wezinto atom kokuba siqonde macrocosm ngokupheleleyo engalunganga. Nkqu ixesha kunye nendawo ngokwemiqathango zehlabathi quantum kuthatha intsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngeli xesha ukuzama of zesayensi yeengcingane ukunika iimbalo imodeli ye atom langa kwaphela quadratic ezikhulu kunye lilize. Le ngxaki ingasonjululwa ngokusebenzisa i Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki ngokuphathelene. Eli binzana ngokumangalisayo nemadlana zezibalo sibophelela ukungaqiniseki lwesithuba ilungelelanisa Δx ne Δv isantya yamasuntswana mass m kunye rhoqo h Planck esithi:.

Δx * Δv> h / m

Ngoko ke umahluko ngemithamo olubalulekileyo kunye macro: indawo uqina kwe amasuntswana kwi micro hayi labonwa ngendlela ethile - ukuba enemo probabilistic. Kwelinye icala, umgaqo Heisenberg kwi kwicala lasekunene-lesandla iqulathe ixabiso eziphathekayo kakhulu entle, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ixabiso zero iyapheliswa ubuncinane omnye ukungaqiniseki. Xa practice, oku kuthetha ukuba uqina nesikhundla amasuntswana kwihlabathi eathom lisoloko imiselwe imposiso, kwaye nanini zero. Xa kanye engile efanayo Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki bandibopha ezinye izibini esiqhagamshelwe iimpawu, ezifana amandla kunye nexesha ukungaqiniseki E Δt?:

ΔEΔt> h

Umongo eli binzana kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ngaxeshanye ukulinganisa amandla kwamasuntswana enyukliya kunye nexesha apho yena anazo kuyo, ngaphandle ukungaqiniseki ixabiso layo ukususela amandla womlinganiselo kuthatha ixesha elithile, ngexesha apho amandla kutshintshwe zazivelela.