Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich: biography, usapho

Igama imbongi edumileyo eSoviet kwaye Russian kunye Bard Bulat Okudzhava eziqhelekileyo, ukuba ayingabo bonke, ngoko kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuba ibali kabuhlungu ubomi kwabazali bakhe. Ngelo xesha Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich ngaxa lithile wayengomnye abaququzeleli be-Georgian Young Communist League, kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso woshishino Urals ngamandla.

okhokho

Uyisemkhulu Shalva Okudzhava ebizwa kwicala Paul Peremushev sikanina. Wafudukela eGeorgia phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kwakusazeka ukuba eli xesha sele AP Peremushev wakhonza iminyaka engama-25 kwamalungu kwaye emva kwenkonzo wafumana isabelo in Kutaisi. Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga nemvelaphi yayo. Ngokutsho kakhulu esidlelana ngalo, mhlawumbi Russian okanye Mordvinian. Abanye abaphandi uthambekele ukuqwalasela kwakhe umYuda evela cantonments. In Kutaisi P. Peremushev waqalisa ukusebenza njenge othungayo yaye kungekudala batshata eGeorgia kaThixo noSalome Medzmariashvili. Ke wayeneentombi ezintathu, lo mdala lowo - Elizabeth - waba ngumfazi kunobhala Stepan Okudzhava. Xa lo mtshato wazalelwa abantwana abasibhozo.

Esakhula

Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich wazalwa ngo-Agasti 1901. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-10 ubudala, wabalelwa kufunda Gentry Gymnasium of Kutaisi. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-16 Shalva wazibandakanya njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, elandela umzekelo wabazalwana abadala Nicholas Michael, abo nxaxheba abakhutheleyo izenzo anti-urhulumente kwimihla Februwari revolution.

umsebenzi Party

Ngowe-1918 Shalva Okudjava wazibandakanya RCP (B) yaye egameni iqela benza kwi Komsomol intlangano eGeorgia. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukusa 1921, xa amandla yiSoviet yasekwa kweli lizwe, yena yokuzimela yaye ubuchule inzululwazi wezepolitiki. Emva Shalva Okudzhava wamiselwa sihlalo Kutaisi leKomiti yePhondo Komsomol, yaye ngowe-1921 waba uyonyuselwa abe yintloko yesebe sombutho we-Central Committee of Komsomol eGeorgia.

e Moscow

Ngowe-1921 Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich yakhethwa komthunywa Congress of the Comintern kunye tyelelo eMoscow kuqala. Ngexesha elinye yeeseshoni le ntlanganiso yenziwa Vladimir Lenin ingxelo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha kwezoqoqosho. Wenza kwazika iYoung Communist, nto leyo eyabangela umnqweno ukwenza imisebenzi enxulumene nophuhliso loqoqosho ngurhulumente abatsha Soviet. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Shalva Okudzhava wahlala eyinkunzi bangena Faculty of Economics of the State University yokuqala. Xa befunda elikomkhulu, wayedibana Ashkhen Stepanovna Nalbandian, abeza kuthelekiswa imbongi odumileyo UVahan Teryan. Abantu abatsha wamthanda yaye kungekudala utshatile. NgoMeyi 1924 baba nonyana - Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava.

e Tbilisi

Kungekudala emva kokuzalwa unyana wakhe Shalva Okudzhava ndabizelwa ngokukhawuleza kwi Tbilisi njengoko intlangano Georgian iqela udinga abasebenzi abafundileyo. NgoDisemba 1924 wamiselwa intloko isebe ziphazamisekile ze yeKomiti Party Tiflis City, uMkomishinala waye Georgian zomkhosi isikolo umyalelo emva kweminyaka emi-2. Emva koko, ngo-1929, Shalva Stepanovich wathunyelwa ukuba bafunde kwikomkhulu, apho waphumelela Institute of Marxism-noLenin. Emva kokubuyela kwilizwe lakhe eneminyaka engama-30, iYoung Communist wamiselwa unobhala weKomiti Party City, yaye wonyulwa lilungu Central Committee yaseGeorgia.

Relations ne Beria

Ngaphandle kokuba olo lwangaphandle enyameni ebomini Shalva Okudjava kwaba ngaphezu kakuhle, enyanisweni, phezu kwentloko yakhe amafu babehlangene. Ukuba ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe, yena phantsi kwephiko Sergo Ordzhonikidze, ngoko emva kokuba eGeorgia waba Commissar Beria, le meko itshintshe kakhulu. ngokuphindaphindiweyo Thembeka kwaye iziphethe Okudjava andithethanga kabukhali nxamnye nkqubo yayo kwabasebenzi. Kukho amarhe okuba Lavrenty Pavlovich yena xa ebona Ashkhen, elo ingqalelo omnye abafazi ezininzi ezintle kwikomkhulu Georgian yelo xesha. Ekupheleni Okudzhava ndaqonda ukuba kubhetele ukushiya Tiflis, waza wahamba nentsapho yakhe eMoscow. Apho wayenikwa isikhundla Nizhny Tagil, leyo wasamkela ngovuyo.

i Urals

Umqalisi kwengqesho Okudzhavy isithuba njengoNobhala Party Committee Uralvagonstroya e Nizhny Tagil waba Sergo Ordzhonikidze, kakhulu umsebenzi ishishini lakhe nobuchule. NgoFebruwari 1934, Ordzhonikidze waba komthunywa 17 Party Congress, yaye kamva kunyaka waba omtsha post - unobhala 1st lekomiti isixeko Nizhny Tagil of the CPSU (b). Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe izimo ukuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo wathi Ordzhonikidze zokusebenza, ngokufuthi weza kuhlola ukwakhiwa Uralvagonzavod.

ukumbamba

February 18, 1937 abasebenzi NKVD Tagil ayihlasela indlu apho wayehlala Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. Xa kwenzeka engaqhelekanga, ngolu suku e Moscow, wadubula nomhlobo wakhe abakhusela Sergo Ordzhonikidze.

Okudzhava na oyaziyo elide akunakuphepheka kokubanjwa kwakhe. Ngaloo mihla, naziphi ungathumela le kwiinkampu ngaphandle nasiphi na isizathu, kunye Okudzhava isithende i Achilles '- abazalwana counterrevolutionaries ukuba emva kokuba isibhengezo amandla yiSoviet e Georgia, wajoyina i inkcaso ngasekhohlo-iphiko. Nangona bona kanye wemka ikhonkco, ngo-1936 baza baphinda babanjwa amacala Trotskyism.

Ukuvalelwa plant Director Uralvagonstroy L. Maryasin wanikela "ubungqina", ngokoko athe Okudjava wazama ukubulala Sergo Ordzhonikidze ngexesha lotyelelo lwakhe Nizhny Tagil. Le ambeke ngo-1937 yaba likhulu ngokwaneleyo, umbuzo losindiso ingaba elide, ingakumbi ngenxa yokuba intsapho ikuluhlu phakathi iintshaba lobuqu Lavrenty Beria.

Shalva Okudzhava wabonakala kuluhlu lwabantu ezaziphantsi "kwi ingcinezelo yabo kudidi lokuqala." Xa anzima benxenye yexesha le amagama kwakuthetha ukuba ibanjwa wayeza kudutyulwa. Uxwebhu kule nto yomhla Aprili 1, 1937, kwaye phantsi kwakhe Utyikityo Stalin kaThixo, Molotov kunye Kaganovich. Esi sivakalisi wabulawa nge-4 Agasti 1937.

Nxi zezihlobo

Emva kokubanjwa yintloko yentsapho umfazi wakhe, ngelo xesha wayesebenza unobhala weKomiti Party yeSithili e Nizhny Tagil, oonyana (Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava kunye Victor, wazalwa ngo-1934), kwakunye nomama abadala bafudukela eMoscow wahlala kwigumbi zoluntu kwi Arbat. Apho ndafumanisa ukuba shot kwakhona uyisekazi ikamva Bard odumileyo. awuphelelanga apho intsapho ilishwa, kwaye ngo-1938 unina Okudzhava kaThixo wabanjwa eMoscow, yaye wathunyelwa Karlag. Wabuyela elikomkhulu kuphela ngo-1947.

Trotskyism watyholwa kunye Shalva udade - Olga Okudzhava. Eli bhinqa liselula nomfazi imbongi odumileyo Georgian Galaktion Tabidze. Ngexesha lokubanjwa kwakhe, yena ugula kakhulu, kodwa loo nto ayizange ayeke NKVD ukuba athumele ekuthinjweni. Olga ngokubhadulela entolongweni de waba Orel. September 11, 1941 umfazi, kwakunye ngaphezulu kwama-150 amabanjwa, NKVD wadubula ehlathini Medvedev lakhe, kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ebingasentla komzi.

Emva kokufa Iosifa umfazi Stalina Shalva Okudzhava waba zonke kuthetha ukufikelela kwisimo yendoda yakhe. Oku wakwazi kuphela ixabiso umgudu omkhulu ngo-1956. Kulo mzekelo, wabuzwa imibuzo babesakuba ngamalungu ekomiti wesixeko le Nizhny Tagil kunye nabahlali aloo mzi, waqinisekisa zimsulwa yendoda yakhe.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba wayengubani nendlela wafa Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. Umfazi wayeliKomanisi bakholelwa - Ashkhen Nalbandian - naye waba lixhoba ingcinezelo Stalin wakhe, nonyana wabo, Bulat bonke ubomi bakhe abanengxaki iintlungu, bekhumbula ukuba ukufa kabuhlungu ngayo abazali babo.