Abasebenzi yamaxesha amisiweyo: definition. abasebenzi ngamaxesha yamahlwempu - lo ...

Igama elithi "Abasebenzi uba" wabonakala kudala ngaphambi kokuba eli ubunzima meko sele kuvamile yoBukhosi enkulu Russian. Okwethutyana, ngokufuthi umsebenzi ngamaxesha athile ngaphandle amafama ithuba elinqabileyo lokuphucula imeko yabo yemali kwaye ukuphumeza ngakumbi kuba bona kunye neentsapho zabo.

abasebenzi zonyaka. definition

Ethelekiswa abalimi eziqhelekileyo, owayehlala ilizwe labo, abasebenzi ekuthethwe abantu inxaxheba kumsebenzi wezandla kwaye bathengise amandla abo nabasebenzi kwicala. Le ezinawo eyahlukileyo zentlalo, apho kwavela phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII, ngokukhawuleza landa inani lamalungu ayo, ndinesinye isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX, le meko iye zande. Yamahlwempu abasebenzi ngokwamaxesha - abantu abashiya ezilalini nemizana, wathumela kuloo mzi, apho waqalisa kuphela ukuphuhlisa ishishini yaye ithuba ingeniso kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho.

Ngoobani abasebenzi ngamaxesha athile?

Abasebenzi lokuqala onyaka - kuba abalimi baya umsebenzi yamaxesha kwezinye iindawo. beza iingcibi Unknown esixekweni kunye njengesixhobo sakhe nabalulamileyo waza wadala kwizixeko yamandulo obukhulu ezinkulu zamatye kunye nomthi bokwakha.

Ukwandisa imida karhulumente Russian efunekayo cordons nokuqiniswa rhoqo kunye nokwakhiwa kwiidolophu ezintsha kunye neendawo ezinqatyisiweyo. umsebenzi ekufuneka ekungeneni rhoqo yabantu bokusebenza, nto leyo ukunika kuphela ngamaxesha athile abasebenzi-abalimi. Le nto ibonakala ingakumbi ekwakhiweni izixeko ezintsha kumntla-lizwe, kuquka ikomkhulu elitsha yasebukhosini - eSt Petersburg.

abasebenzi lwamaxesha onyaka ngenkulungwane XVII-XVIII

prerequisite kufuduka Legal abalimi ukusuka kwindawo ahlala kuyo yaba ngengqibo 1718, owathatha kaZuma Irhafu yengeniso yerhafu (tax vo). Yonke into eyindoda irhafu-ohlawulayo. iirhafu Natural kwafakwa izibophelelo zemali, kwaye ukunceda kwakunzima kwilali lwayo nayiphi na imali. Ithuba ukuba kugxininiswe izityalo zengingqi kunye mveliso phantse engekho - ishishini nje liqala ukuphuhlisa, kunye umfutho ophambili kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho ngenxa ekungeneni kwemali eyinkunzi amazwe. Izixhobo kuba mveliso Russian amazwe kakhulu, imigwaqo emikhulu ukukhonza elwandle, umlambo, urhwebo wendlela-kuvavanywa, amashishini amakhulu njalo kwavela ekuqaleni kuphela kwizixeko ezikhulu.

abasebenzi ngamaxesha kunye nomsebenzi ngamaxesha iye kulawulwa amaxwebhu zangaphakathi - zokundwendwela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ipasipoti loo yanikwa umlimi kulo nyaka, kodwa kukho nezinye izatifikethi ixesha ogama semthethweni ndandimfutshane. Ngokuqhelekileyo entwasahlobo ekuqaleni washiya abasebenzi ngamaxesha umzi. Kwakufuneka ndihambe amawaka eekhilomitha, ngokufuthi yonke indlela abasebenzi senzeka ngeenyawo. Endleleni eya kula mafama badla kufuneka bacele. Kwidolophu abasebenzi Sasungulwa baqesha umsebenzi endlwini yangasese, ukuba inkampani okanye enze imisebenzi yasendlini ukuba intlawulo esisixa.

IMVELAPHI yomsebenzi yamaxesha kwinkulungwane XIX

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX okuyiphatha utshintsho umlimi, phantsi apho abalimi bafumana inkululeko. Kodwa Ilizwe elo basebenza, wayeselapho ilifa abaqeshisi. Ukwanda inani abalimi abangenamihlaba ngubani bengakwazi ukuzondla bona okanye iintsapho zabo. Kwelinye icala, ukukhula yonxulumano nkulu umfutho kuphuhliso shishino, nto leyo eye babeshiywe buzinze kwizixeko ezinkulu eRashiya. Ngaloo ndlela, kungenzeka kuphela abarhola isixeko wahlala.

Iinzame ukunciphisa umsebenzi ngamaxesha

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX kwabasebenzi ngamaxesha ebizwa inani elikhulu abalimi abaye bakhetha indlela ezidolophini. Kwamanye amaphondo, inani labantu wakhetha umsebenzi yamaxesha onyaka, ifikelele ikota yabantu besilisa abadala. Ukunciphisa inani lamafama zokusebenza ilizwe, yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba ukwamkela ukulinganiselwa. Ukuze ufumane i-uxwebhu yangaphakathi egunyazisa intshukumo kweli lizwe, kwafuneka umlimi abe kwindawo esemaphandleni, ilungelo kukuyeka umhlaba ukuhlawula intlawulo kumnini-okubafaneleyo. Kodwa amanyathelo olawulo kwaba nemiphumo kuphela buso. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba ezintsha mthetho ngo-1901 Lyubimsky District Yaroslavl kwiphondo abantu 12715 abasebenzi ngamaxesha amafama 849 kuphela ndabuyela elalini.

Ezithile ngokwezinga oluntu kokusingqongileyo abasebenzi

Ukumimitheka kwezoqoqosho karhulumente Russian kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX waqalisa inkqubo ezithile ngokwezinga impahla yonke iyaxela lwentlalo. Abasebenzi acebe ngokwamaxesha - lo nemihlaba abanini, iihotele kunye zokutyela, iivenkile kunye impahla. Ezi abameli ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba yorhwebo enkulu ukuhlala malunga-5% yenani lilonke labasebenzi onyaka.

Kwaye 70% babengamalungu udidi olutsha lwedolophu ophakathi abaqeshwe kushishino, kwi mveliso, ukwakhiwa kunye namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Okokugqibela, malunga ikota inani lilonke kolu didi sabo abasebenzi izabelo. abalimi ezinjalo odityanisiweyo umsebenzi yamaxesha kunye nokuqwalaselwa ilizwe labo.

impilo entsha

Iindaba yemivuzo kunokwenzeka bazisa elalini abasebenzi ngamaxesha athile onyaka. Lo msitho ebalulekileyo kubomi lali. Ukubuyela kule ndawo yakubo ukusuka kwizixeko ezikude, abasebenzi ngamaxesha athile, abalimi kunye satshintsha ubomi babo, nomphefumlo intsapho yakhe. indlela emaphandleni yokuphila yaguquka, endlwini yakhe, waba isixhobo mihla ngakumbi. Impembelelo isixeko ayaphula iziseko ukusoloko lali. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye abalimi abasebenzi onyaka - oko phantse teetotal inkosi zomkroli, emihle ongumnini ikhono lakhe. Azihlali endlwini yakhe abasebenzi ngamaxesha nayo ukusuka kwizixeko ezinkulu izinto ezimangalisayo zemihla ngemihla kunye iziyolo - izibane zeparafini, samovars, ifenitshala, iimpahla kusefashonini, gramophones. Konke oku ezinxulumene nabalimi bendawo kunye nobomi isixeko ungakhathaliyo. Kuba sezicakazana iilali undilibele , yaba iqela umona. Ukunxulumanisa nobomi bakhe kunye nomyeni wakhe, sex enobulungisa babengaba nethemba lobomi amalungiselelo kunye nobume ophezulu entlalweni.