Nokusayinwa i-START-1 iSivumelwano phakathi USSR kunye United States: umhla. Strategic Arms Imida Talks

Strategic Arms Imida Talks (SALT) - uthotho lezivumelwano phakathi USSR kunye US kumba ukhuseleko izixhobo zenyukliya. Win waba iintetho eziliqela. Ngenxa yoko i-SALT-1 kunye SALT-2 ziye zasayinwa. Lokuqala - ngo-1972, lo wesibini - ngo-1979.

Imvelaphi kunye ingqiqo ka "ukwanela" kwi USSR

Ukuba sithethe malunga ngemvelaphi kunye nezizathu zokuba kutheni kwakukho ukutyikitywa wokuqala sivumelwano SALT-1, kukho imfuneko ukubalula imbono 'ukwanela' kuzo izixhobo zenyukliya. Eli gama edidayo ibonwa kwi-West, kodwa le nto aluchaphazeli ukuziphatha kwicala eSoviet. Xa XXVI Congress of the CPSU umbono wethu esemthethweni zenyukliya wabhengezwa. Umongo yeyokuba eSoviet Union kunye United States kukho ungqinelwano ukuba Injongo ukulondolozwa yoxolo, kwaye yambethe inani elaneleyo zikhali, leyo zabiwa ngokulinganayo phakathi Strategic Missile Forces, Navy kunye Air Force. Akukho ukongama ngokwamanani of baseMerika, akuyomfuneko. Enyanisweni, inkokheli eSoviet wavakalisa ukuba akukho uhlanga iingalo akasekho. Nkqu Nikita Khrushchev wakha wathi Kennedy ukuba ilizwe lethu Akukhathaliseki mangaphi amaxesha i-US unako ndingalitshabalalisi - nesibhozo okanye ithoba. Kwanele ukwazi ukuba eSoviet Union atshitshise United States ubuncinane kanye. Enyanisweni, oku ngumongo 'ingcamango ukufaneleka, "nto leyo akha kuloo nkongolo iqela ngokusesikweni.

US isikhundla

United States aphathwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo, baya ukuthingaza ukusayina SALT-1 sivumelwano. Isizathu ubuxoki kwezopolitiko basekhaya: amaqela amabini bakhuphisane kunyulo eUnited States. Omnye kufuneka sihlale bagxeke abanye. Xa gqira zenkulungwane lokugqibela, i-Democratic Party uyahambisana ngecala Soviet, wenjenjalo ixesha elitsha Republican Nixon waqalisa wobukumkani bakhe kunye nomba wolawulo iingalo. Kuba umongameli entsha, lo puzzle enkulu, ekubeni yonke lokhankaso lolonyulo, ugxeke zixatyiswe kunokwenzeka wenyukliya USSR kunye USA. Wayesoloko wathi imfuneko ukuphumeza noludumileyo elipheleleyo ezingalweni phezu kwilizwe lethu. Esi alusebenzisa iyivume Democrats, ebeka "ihagu 'phantsi kwesitulo ka mongameli entsha.

Nixon waba ukuxinga: kwelinye icala, wagxeka ingcamango ukulingana phakathi USSR kunye USA, yaba lweli noludumileyo oluninzi yenyukliya. Kwelinye icala, Kwingabula-up ezingalweni uhlanga unilaterally - kunye isaziso ngokusesikweni USSR phezu komda inani izixhobo zayo yenyukliya - kwawasingela phantsi umfanekiselo US njenge "ungamandla ngokuhle", nto leyo uyasokola nge "ubukhosi ububi." Kubonakala ukuba amaqela ukutshintsha iindima zabo emehlweni zehlabathi Western wongxowankulu. Kulo mba, Nixon kwakufuneka enze umnyinyiva kwaye uyavuma ukuba kokusayina isivumelwano SALT-1.

US umqondo Nixon

Xelani ukuba eUnited States eSoviet Union sisayine imvumelwano entsha, wabukhangelisa ukulingana, Kakade ke, umongameli ayaba nako ukusuka Republican Party. Yiyo loo nto, waza wakhethwa "qhinga ngokwanela" kwaye eUnited States. ie Okubhalisa yinto phakathi ingqiqo kwaye ingqikelelo ukongama lilonke ukulingana yenyukliya. Enyanisweni, lo mbono ayikho populist: eneneni US yaba eninzi izixhobo zenyukliya ngaphezu eSoviet Union.

ukuziphinda kombisa uSekela Defense UMphathiswa D. Packard: "nje Ukwanela ithetha ukuba lula ukusebenzisa igama kwiingxelo. Ukongeza, oko akuthethi nto. " Kungenzeka, uMongameli Nixon ithathwa "ingcamango kokumaneleyo" njenge uhlobo isivumelwano phakathi nkqubo wokhetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo phambi kokuba Democrats yakhe.

Izikhokelo Development of US imikhosi qhinga

Ngoko ke, ulawulo Nixon wabhengeza "ingqiqo kwaneliswa." Ngokusesikweni, le mithetho-siseko ilandelayo okuphakanyiswe:

1. Ukugcina inani elaneleyo izixhobo zobuchule ukuziphindezela, nasemva kokuba i "kuhlaselwa zenyukliya yequbuliso."
2. Ukuphelisa naziphi isisusa "yokuhlaselwa".
3. Nokungalali utshaba okusolwayo ithuba lokujongana umonakalo eUnited States ngaphezu zinokubangela umonakalo eUnited States ukuziphindiselela.
4. US ukhuseleko software ekuhlaselweni nuclear.

Njengesiqhelo okwenzeka bokuphathisana American, le projekthi unokuba "fit" ukuba "nokwanela lwengqiqo", yaye imfundiso "noludumileyo zizonke" nezicwangciso ezicacileyo manani ezithile enganikwanga kuyo. Iingcali ezininzi wamajoni ukuba naliphi na iqela ingqalelo lo mba njengoko uyathandeka, yaye uya kuba tye. Noko ke, sokwala ngqo noludumileyo iyonke sele kukho inkqubela-nkqubo US, ngaphandle ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abe kokusayina isivumelwano SALT-1.

ingxaki ukuziphendulela imizili

lonke eli-nkqubo US wabonakaliswa kwingxoxo lweenkqubo yokhuselo ngezikhali. Isibakala sokuba eSoviet Union kuhambele phambili kwi ubugcisa imizili yokuzikhusela. Siye safunda iminyaka engama-23 phambi kokuba amaMelika ukudubula phantsi imijukujelwa wenyukliya imijukujelwa non-enyukliya ngeendleko amandla agciniweyo ukusuka dubulo ka TNT. Enyanisweni, saba ikhaka wokhuseleko, apho livunyelwe ukuqhushumba kwintsimi yethu zikhali. America akwazi ukudubula phantsi imijukujelwa zenyukliya kuphela nezinye imijukujelwa zenyukliya ngamandla ngaphantsi. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba ukunqanda Inyukliya eUnited States zange baphumelele. Ngoko ke, amaMelika zanyanzelisa kokukhatywa ekudalweni inkqubo yokhuselo enomjukujelwa ekuxoxweni kwawo SALT-1 kunye SALT-2.

US ukwala ukuchaza kuphuhliso enomjukujelwa yokhuselo ngokuthi ukuba akwenzi mqondo ukunciphisa Arms uhlanga, ukuba ayikhabe uhlanga ukuzithethelela. Ngokutsho amaMelika, ukuqhubeka kuphuhliso enomjukujelwa zokhuselo ecaleni yiSoviet wayeza lakhelwe imali ethe ngcembe exhamle ubuncwane phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini. Kulo mba i-United States kwabonakala ukuba bayilibale ngokubalasela yabo ekunciphiseni iingalo kunye pre-konyulo ethembisa Nixon.

Icala Soviet yaba ngokucacile nxamnye ndlela, kufanele akhuthaze abantu ukuba uphuhliso yokuzikhusela - yinto yokuziphatha kunye nophuhliso Uhlaselo - kuyinto embi. Ngaphandle, amaMelika baye banikela ukusombulula ingxaki ekunciphiseni kwezixhobo ekhubekisayo, kwaye kufanele echaza ukuba eUnited States waba kuyigqitha phezu kwabo.

Ukusasazwa US enomjukujelwa zokhuselo - isisongelo izivumelwano ezizayo

Ngowe-1967, ulawulo US unilaterally uphaka inkqubo yalo imizili yokuzikhusela. Bathi oku yokuba le nkqubo sibhekiswe eSoviet Union, yaye ijolise lwaze isisongelo China. Last nabo bonke ngelo xesha kuphela izixhobo ngegama zenyukliya, leyo akunakwenzeka asongele i US. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uphinda imbali ngokwayo kunye US enomjukujelwa yokhuselo eMpuma Yurophu, ejoliswe inelungelo oluchasene ne Iran, nangona loo nto ukusongela ingenakulinganiselwa US okanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu. iingcali Military kuqatshelwe ke, njengokuba ngoku bathi injongo baseMerika na ilizwe lethu.

Ngo-1972, uRhulumente kunye Ministry of Defence ayikwazanga ukuzithethelela phambi kokuba imikhosi anti-militarist kwihlabathi Koloni. US nenqwaba enyukliya banda, izixhobo ephuculiweyo, yaye akukho zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze oku anayenza. ilizwe lethu nakuba baseMerika laqhuba inkqubo ngobubele, uyavumelana nasiphi isivumelwano - ngaphambi nje kodwa utyikitye isivumelwano ukunciphisa enomjukujelwa yophuhliso inkqubo yokuzikhusela.

Utyelelo Nixon ukuba eSoviet Union kunye nokusayinwa kwezivumelwano

NgoMeyi 1972, Nixon ukuba utyelelo yimbali eMoscow. isivumelwano lokuqala lokufumanisa ukumiselwa iingalo qhinga watyikitywa May 29, 1972. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Isiseko intsebenziswano phakathi USSR nase-United States." Omabini la macala waqaphela ukuba kwavumela esinoxolo amagunya ezimbini mkhulu isiseko kuphela elamkelekileyo ubuhlobo. Kwakhona, omabini amazwe banembopheleleko ukuthintela iingxaki zasekuhlaleni, banoxanduva ukuzeyisa nokusombulula iiyantlukwano ngokusebenzisa ngoxolo.

NgoMeyi, njengoko omnye sivumelwano yasayinwa - "Anti-wokuhlolwa Missile iSivumelwano." Amaqela babemele ukukhetha iindawo ezithile nommandla wayo, nto leyo eya kuba kuyo izakhiwo yokhuselo ngezikhali. USSR, eMoscow iye ekhuselweyo bangaphathwa nuclear. USA - izinto ezininzi owayethwele izixhobo zenyukliya.

Ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano SALT-1: umhla, amalungiselelo eziphambili

SALT-1 - iseti iimvumelwano phakathi United States eSoviet Union ukususela 1969 ukuya 1972. Saqala e Helsinki. Kwaye abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba uza kuhlala kule projekthi. Kodwa kunjalo wasayina eSoviet-American umnqophiso SALT-1 Nixon eMoscow ngo-1972. izixhobo zenyukliya USSR kunye United States abhalwe ngokungqongqo ukususela ngoko. Ukukhula kwenani ezase akuvumelekanga. Bakwaziswa yanqumamisa ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya eSoviet Union, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba ilizwe lethu ukulungele ukushiya umsebenzi ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zamandla zenyukliya.

Ngelo xesha, eSoviet Union ithumele le mijukujelwa ezintsha 200. I-United States ngowe-1054 imijukujelwa enjalo weave, 656 ngwenya. izixhobo zenyukliya eSoviet kunye United States ukususela ngelo xesha ayitshintshanga. Nangona kunjalo, i America yamkela uhlobo olutsha lwe enomjukujelwa - MIRV (necandelo ngexabiso multiple). Le peculiarity yokuba oko ngegama enomjukujelwa mnye, kodwa kuchaphazela inani leeprojekthi zobuchule.

SALT 2

SALT-1 SALT-2 - yinkqubo elidityanisiweyo zivumelwano. Lowesibini nokuqhubekeka ubhalo lokuqala. Umahluko kuphela kukuba SALT-2 - isivumelwano enye, zisayinwe June 18, 1979 e Vienna kwintlanganiso Z Brezhnev kunye J. Carter.

imithetho

SALT-2 ubeka inani lezithuthi unikezelo qhinga nakwiiyunithi 2.400. Bobabini bavuma ekunciphiseni lo mqulu. iiyunithi 1320 kuphela mayixhotyiswe warhead obonakalisayo nento elinikiweyo. Eli nani liquka zonke iintlobo izixhobo zenyukliya. Ukongeza, izithintelo abachaphazelekayo inani lezi ukuba kufuneka esiwe ku iziphathi-qhinga nako: imikhombe, iinqwelo, ngwenya.

SALT-2 akuvumelekanga kunye nokugunyaziswa zefula enomjukujelwa entsha, kwempucuko elilinganiselweyo. Nganye zamaqela, umzekelo, nako ukwandisa akukho ngaphezu kwesinye enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa elitsha enjalo, nenokuthi kuxhotyiswa ezase-10.

SALT-2 zange ozinzisiweyo eUnited States eSoviet Union wayikhupha imikhosi ku Afghanistan. Noko ke, isivumelwano sesikweni zithotyelwe ngamaqela omabini.

UKUQALA-1 UKUQALA 2

Imbali izivumelwano yesithintelo kwi-SALT-2 sele alukapheli. July 31, 1991 iSivumelwano kwi Ukunciphisa kunye Umda Strategic ekhubekisayo Arms eSoviet Union kunye United States (UKUQALA-1) esayinwe eMoscow. Le yenye kwezivumelwano yokugqibela waseUSSR, uMikhail Gorbachev isayinwe. ubude bayo wayeneminyaka eli-15. Injongo yale mvumelwano - ukuncitshiswa nokuxhotyiswa ku-30 ekhulwini onke amagunya akhoyo izixhobo zenyukliya. Le Ngaphandle kuphela Kulungiselelwe imijukujelwa iza elwandle uluhlu olubanzana ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-600. Oku akothusi: i US kukho inani elikhulu of imijukujelwa ezinjalo, yaye ilizwe lethu akazange abe nabo bonke.

Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR kuyimfuneko ukuphinda-kwakhona basayine imvumelwano Russia sekuvele yaba umngcipheko wokuba ilizwe lethu akayi kufeza na imiqathango ye-START-1. NgoJanuwari 1993, ukuba basayine imvumelwano entsha - i-START-2 Boris Yeltsin and George Bush .. Ngowe-2002, ilizwe lethu liye urhoxile iSivumelwano ukuphendula yokuba eUnited States wemka ukusuka AbM iSivumelwano. Ngo-2009, nguDmitry Medvedev no Barack Obama e Geneva kuthethwano umnqophiso omtsha kwiingalo qhinga ekhubekisayo, kodwa Republican US Congress ukuvimbile yonke liphulo Democrat Barack Obama kulo mba. Amagama esemthethweni ye Congress - "The US owoyika" ubuqhetseba "kwi yingxenye Russia kwintsebenzo kwekhontrakthi."

START-3

Ngo-2010, i-abongameli Russian kunye US basayina isivumelwano esitsha. icala ngalinye abe phezu kwaso hayi ngaphezulu kwe 1550 yeeyunithi zikhali. Inani lezithuthi unikezelo qhinga kufuneka ingadluli iiyunithi 800. Esi sivumelwano ozinzisiweyo ngenxa omabini.