Zasulich Vera Ivanovna: engobomi, ukuzama Trepov

Zasulich Vera Ivanovna oyintsobi ludale zembali. Abo banomdla ingakumbi iinkcukacha biography yomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ngomfanekiso Heroine, lidubule igosa nokuxokozela Trepov. Ngaphandle ubungqongqo bolwaphulo kunye nento ukuba kujongwe ukuba benze ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu ezimbi - ukubulala umntu, ngelithi azahlulele ngawo enkundleni. Abasemagunyeni baye awuvumelani kakhulu nesi sigqibo, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo wakhupha umyalelo wokuba ukuphinda-ekubanjweni Zasulich. Kodwa de kwathathwa isigqibo esinjalo, uVera yakwazi ukuhamba ilizwe uphephe entolongweni.

udumo wonke

Ngenxa yokuba ulingo lwe Vera Zasulich kanye wamitha impendulo ngamazwe, igama lakhe abantu abaninzi ukunxulumana ngokusesikweni kunye nento yokuba wabhala ulawulo umthetho asingabo jikelele. Xa imisebenzi yasekhaya kwi kwimbali kukhankanywa njengento umbhali, umguquleli imisebenzi Marx kunye Engels, kwakunye imisebenzi mzobo yoluntu Russian.

Xa kwimithombo emininzi, nto ibizwa ngokuba ngumququzeleli mbutho yokuqala abangabaxhasi bakaMarx ebizwa ngokuba "Ukukhululwa of Labor". Kodwa ke ngaxeshanye, ezinye abo ngenyameko ngakumbi wafunda ulwazi malunga Ukholo, ngokuba ube elula nesabasilaleleyo, bespredelschitsey, kwabagrogrisi kunye anarchist.

Zasulich Vera Ivanovna: engobomi, ebuntwaneni kunye nosapho

July 27, 1849 kwilali encinane Russian ka Mikhailovka, leyo kubume belizwe omelwe ukwenziwa kwiphondo ESmolensk, wazalwa intombazana Ukholo. usapho lwakhe ayikwazanga kuqhayisa yengeniso ezizodwa, ngenxa yokuba abazali babegqalwa izidwangube abahlwempuzekileyo. Ukongeza Ukholo ke wayeneentombi ezimbini ngaphezulu. UYise - Ivan Zasulich wayeligosa umhlala. Wafa 1852, xa Ukholo wayeneminyaka emithathu kuphela ubudala. Umama ayikwazanga ukondla abantwana abathathu yaye, ke ngoko, omnye yeentombi wagqiba ukuthumela kwisalamane sisityebi. Ukukhetha yawa Ukholo, waza yena waya kwidolophana Byakolovo ahlala apho umakazi wakhe. idlule Kukho yonke ebuntwaneni, kwaye nezalamane ngokupheleleyo wavusa intombazana.

Lolutsha kwakunye namaziko emfundo

Xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu Zasulich Vera Ivanovna koko wathunyelwa indlu zokubhoda zabucala eMoscow. Apho wafunda iilwimi zasemzini kwaye ukulungele ukusebenza njenge umphathi. Ngokufanelekileyo kakuhle kakhulu yonke wafundisa endlwini zokubhoda of yesayensi, 1867 bafumana idiploma utitshala ikhaya noVera, kwaye nayo baya koyisa Petersburg. Ngelishwa, kuba intombazana eselula kungekho amava kunye nezindululo anifumananga umsebenzi intsimi yabo. Ekubeni imali ubomi kwakusadingeka imali, ebona kumantyi. Emva ekhonza umabhalane wakhe malunga nonyaka, uVera washiya umsebenzi waza wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kwikomkhulu. Apho wafumana perepletchitsey umsebenzi ze afumane ukufikelela simahla iintlobo zeencwadi, ukufunda rhoqo babandakanyeka self-ukuphucuka. Yaba ngeli xesha Zassulich uba nolwazi enxanwe gqitha revolution, kwaye umnqweno ukuba isebenze.

Inxaxheba iintshukumo olululo kunye nolwazi ebulalayo kunye Nechayev

Ekubeni wayehlala e St. Petersburg, kanye ngonyaka, Zasulich Vera Ivanovna wakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi sekile ezininzi yotshintsho olululo. Ekupheleni kuka-1862, kokutyelela omnye kubo, wadibana kunye Nechaev notorious yotshintsho olululo. Nezirhwexu Ukholo yaye kubonakala begqulana ndinobukhwele yakhe olululo kunye enkulu, wazama elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze okutyekisayo kuyo intlangano yakhe ebizwa ngokuba "massacre yaBantu".

Zasulich wamala iziphakamiso ezinjalo, kuba ndandicinga zonke iingcamango kakhulu Nechaeva yaye kumnandi. Kwangaxeshanye, eseleyo iimbono priverzhenka revolution, wayeka ukuba idilesi ikhaya lakhe. Kamva Nechayev wawusebenzisa ukuthumela nokufumana ama illegals. Enye yezi ncwadi, nangona ukholo lwakhe akuzange ukufunda, kwaye isizathu sokubanjwa yakhe yokuqala.

Nokubanjwa ndize ndivalelwe entolongweni

Ngexesha transmission, incwadi ukuya kwenye illegals Zasulich Vera Ivanovna wabanjwa kuqala. Phantse konyaka, wayesele ababekhonkxiwe inqaba.

Phantse 2 iminyaka umfazi simahla, kodwa nje ngoko nangoko kwakhona wabanjwa ngenxa yokuhambisa uncwadi mthethweni, yaye njengoko isohlwayo ithunyelwe ekuthinjweni. Ukholo ukukhonza sokuqala kweli phondo Novgorod, ngoko yaseTver.

Ubomi emva kokuba links Zasulich

Ngowe-1875, uvela eKharkov. Lonke ixesha yena phantsi esweni yamapolisa n'wina. Ukuze amalungiselelo ngandlel 'ubomi babo elizayo, uVera ugqiba ukuba babhalise kwiikhosi ze abazalisikazi, kodwa kunye nemisebenzi revolution kubhaliwe bathi ngokupheleleyo ntle kuyo nayiphi na imeko ngeke.

Ngowe-1872 waba lilungu "abavukeli Southern", nto leyo ifumaneka e Kiev, kodwa kwafuneka-ofisi zalo lonke Ukraine. Ukuba nezikhundla zayo, Ukholo yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo lombutho Sasungulwa ukuvukela. Emva uthotho yeentsilelo Zassulich ubuyela eSt Petersburg waza waqalisa ukusebenza kwenye yezindlu wokushicilela ngokufihlakeleyo, ebeyinalo lombutho "Land and Freedom". Ukholo weza kwayo, yaye emva kokuba imali elifutshane, ngoJanuwari 1878, wenza ukuhlasela edume kwi Trepov.

Usodolophu iphazamise, bacaphukisa Zassulich

Kanye kufuphi Kazan Cathedral iqela labafundi bahlela umboniso. Ngokuba nenxaxheba kulo ngoDisemba 1876 wabanjwa waza wagwetywa ukuba umfundi nzima Bogolyubov. Ngelo xesha, ukohlwaywa ngokubethwa kunye nokuhlukunyezwa lamabanjwa ngezizathu ezopolitiko akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Kodwa ukuze kasodolophu Trepov Bogolyubov ukuba akatswe kanobom ngeentonga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ngcaciso sele kwaziwa ukuba yiminyaka emi-2 emva kokuba siganeko, umfundi wafela esibhedlele. Kulo mzekelo, ngenxa isohlwayo zidluliselwe ngaphambili Bogolyubov yaba kwimo ukungaphili ngumzuzu.

Isizathu sokuba usodolophu wanika umyalelo wokubabetha Man ngeentonga, kukuba Bogolyubov akazange ndiyisuse umnqwazi phambi kwakhe yaye ngaloo ndlela babonisa indelelo kwabo igosa likakumkani. Esi sigqibo Trepov kwabangela livakale phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye, kakade, nokuchaza ezininzi. Asinakho ukulishiya oku ngaphandle ingqalelo mbuso.

ukuzama ukubulala

Omnye kwabo wayecatshukiswa nalwazelelelo kasodolophu, waba Vera Zasulich.
Ukuzama kwi ubomi Trepov, leyo wamitha, imibutho athabatha waphuma, waya phantsi imbali wazisa udumo lakhe. Kamva esiphelele isenzo yayo iya ziimpawu njengoko umthetho wogrogriso, kunye nokholo ngokwayo iya kubabiza intombazana, ngubani uqinisa isenzo othuse olululo kulo lonke eRashiya.

Xa becwangcisa sisenzo ukuziphindezela, Zasulich ubhalisela ngenxa yokuqeshwa lobuqu kwirhuluneli. Ngentsasa kaJanuwari 24, 1878 waya kwiofisi yakhe waza wenza wadubula walimala Trepov. Vera wabanjwa kuloo ndawo.

Amalungu entendelezo, nakungena kuwo imbali yomthetho

Peterburg usihlalo weNkundla District kule obekho A. F. Koni. Intloko ye-ofisi i-St Petersburg mtshutshisi wagxininisa ukuba ityala Zasulich isonjululwe labagwebi, kuba umnqweno wabo ephambili ukunciphisa inkalo yezopolitiko kwimeko. Ngelo xesha abantu abaqhelekileyo bakholwa Trepov ukonakalisa isinyobo-ezisephepheni, yaye ukuze ndinike wabayala ukuba Congress Bogolyubov iintonga, igama lakhe kuluntu leyo akuyona indlela engcono. Emva kweso siganeko kunye uluvo isohlwayo yomfundi ngalo, Kakade ke, akubi ngcono. Ngoko ke isigqibo sokuba okusisiphumo se-ngelithi ngokuba-, iye wadlala ezandleni Zasulich.

Ekuqaleni yena akazange ancediswe igqwetha, kodwa emva kokufunda abatyunjwe sheet yakhe umtshutshisi abekwe, Ukholo waqonda ukuba ungakwazi ukumelana. uncedo lwakhe ekukhuseleni ukuba wanikela ezininzi (njengoko nayiphi mmeli kwakhanya kwityala eliphezulu-iprofayili enjalo), kodwa abalukhethayo sinikwe Petru Aleksandrovu.

Yena unyana wombingeleli nangaphambili wayesebenza umtshutshisi egumbini lentendelezo. Xa incoko kunye neqabane lakhe uAlexander ngokuphindaphindiweyo qiniseka ukuba uza kwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze baphumelele ityala Zasulich. Ke wabagwebelayo ngokupheleleyo amathemba Wokholo. Ngenxa kwintetho yakhe abakrelekrele ngelithi andazifumana engenatyala.

Ubomi emva ungenatyala

Ekubeni abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni akakwazi ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezimvo phakathi kwabantu ukuba adubule amagosa akwizikhundla eziphezulu, yaye emva koko ukuba kugwetyelwa, ngosuku olulandelayo isigqibo senkundla leyo ubengabhenele kwaye umyalelo omtsha ukuvalelwa sikhutshwe Wokholo. Kucingelwa ukuba isiphumo isiganeko kunokwenzeka, yaye phantse nangoko emva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngoncedo abahlobo Zassulich wabalekela eSwitzerland. Wabuyela ekhaya kuphela ngo-1879 yaye ngoko nangoko kunye Plekhanov waqalisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni lombutho "Black ngokutsha".

Vera wazama ukucinga indlela ebizwa ngokuba of "ubugrogrisi umntu", kodwa ngaphandle koko kakhulu ngokukhawuleza badana sinamandla, ngoko phezu kwayo kodwa kwakhona zijonge isoyikiso ekubanjweni yesibini. Kwaba ngoko ebomini bakhe, yaye kwimeko yesibini yokushiywa ngenkani - Zassulich wemka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa Paris.

umsebenzi mbuso

Ngoxa e France, Vera Ivanovna ukuqokelela imali amabanjwa Russian ezopolitiko. izimvo zakhe ngesothuso batshintsha ngokupheleleyo, yaye uba Marxism priverzhenka yotshintsho olululo. Oku kuthetha Russian umsebenzi Marx kunye Engels, zabavakalisa amanqaku yakhe yaseYurophu lwesininzi kwiimagazini ezininzi. Okulandelayo, wafudukela eLondon, apho Ukhokela imisebenzi esebenzayo journalistic, benza imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngoxa eGeneva, ngowe-1883, uVera waba nokuthatha inxaxheba ekudalweni "Ukukhululwa of Labor", eyayisingethe ngoncedo aseBrithani Russian. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1899 phantsi akwazi ukubuyela eSt Petersburg igama lobuxoki. Yena ngokwakhe wayeqhelene Lenin, yaba yinxalenye iBhodi Inqaku lomhleli ye kulindixesha "Zorya" kwaye iphephandaba "Iskra".

ukufa Zasulich

Nangona ezinjalo esebenzayo ukuya ekupheleni ubomi bakhe Vera Zasulich waziva ukuphoxeka. Ukwakha kumava bayo, awunto yanto ngamandla ezichasile zonke iintlobo abanqolobi njenge Idabi.

iziganeko Febhuwari 1917 yena bakuthabatha revolution yongxowankulu-lwentando yesininzi, kodwa hayi ngayo abantu. I-Oktobha Revolution uye abe ukuphoxeka enye kuphela. Zasulich wabhala ukuba esekwe amandla eSoviet na umfanekiso isipili kuphela kowangaphambili, kwakulawula tsarist.

Vera Ivanovna wafa May 8, 1919. Yena wangcwatywa kwi the kumangcwaba ecaleni engcwabeni Plekhanov.