Red Army: indalo. Imbali ye-Red Army

Ekuqaleni, iSoviet Red Army, ukudalwa apho kwenzeka nxamnye sizoku imfazwe yamakhaya incipient, yaba iimpawu nephupha. KwiBolsheviks babekholelwa ukuba umkhosi kwenkqubo yali kufuneka lusekelwe ngokuzithandela. Le projekthi iyavumelana ideology abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Loo mkhosi ngokuchasiweyo imikhosi rhoqo lwamazwe aseNtshona. Ngokutsho imfundiso theoretical kuluntu kungaba kuphela "ngezikhali jikelele kwabantu."

nokudalwa Red Army

Amanyathelo okuqala iiBolsheviks sithetha ngayo oko bafuna ukunika le nkqubo indala tsarist. NgoDisemba 16, 1917 umthetho waphunyezwa ukuvala gaba igosa. Bamabutho ngoku onyulwe ngabasebenzi babo. Njengoko ukhawule ngamaqela, ngomhla sendalo yomkhosi esitsha i-Red Army wayeza kuba lwentando yesininzi ngokwenene. Ixesha lubonise ukuba ezi zimvo abazange babe nako ukusinda uvavanyo era wamagazi.

KwiBolsheviks bakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla Petrograd ngoncedo Olubomvu Guards kunye ngezigaba hayi ezininzi ngamnye revolution oomatiloshe kunye namajoni. I Provisional URhulumente elele elukhukweni enedumbe lelo okungamanyala lula umsebenzi Lenin kunye nabaxhasi bakhe. Kodwa ngaphandle eyinkunzi wahlala ezweni enkulu, enkulu apho ke abadani Sinovuyo radicals Party, ogama iinkokheli weza eRashiya xa uloliwe etywiniweyo elutshabeni Jamani.

Ngu ekuqaleni ngokupheleleyo-isikali imfazwe yamakhaya, imikhosi yamaBolshevik wayehluke uqeqesho amahlwempu emkhosini kunye nokungabikho kolawulo oluyintloko ngempumelelo. Wakhonza isiphithiphithi olululo Red Guards ekhokelwa nemibono yabo yezopolitiko, ngelo na umzuzu akwazi ukutshintsha. Indawo esanda wavakalisa amandla yiSoviet waba ngaphezu engenamali. Udinga Red Army ngokupheleleyo entsha. Ukudalwa imikhosi exhobileyo yaba esibandakanya ubomi nokufa ngenxa yabantu ehleli Smolny.

Ziziphi iingxaki ziye ejongene kwiBolsheviks? Itheko ayikwazanga zenze umkhosi yayo kwi umatshini efanayo. ixesha isakhelo Top yookumkani kunye noRhulumente Provisional ngenkankulu wafuna ukuba basebenzisane kunye radicals ngasekhohlo-iphiko. Ingxaki yesibini yaba kukuba eRashiya iminyaka eliqela Alwa imfazwe nxamnye Germany kunye namahlakani ayo. Amajoni sidiniwe - baye abatyhafileyo. Ukuze makasizalise ezintlwini Red Army, Abaseki bayo ababenyuke kunye stimulus lonke eyayiza kuba nesizathu ngokwaneleyo kwakhona ukuphakamisa izigalo.

IiBolsheviks, akuyomfuneko ukuba uye kude. Baye benza lokuqhuba umkhosi enkulu womkhosi wakhe, lo mgaqo lomzabalazo yeklasi. Ngokufika kwe RSDLP (B) likhuphe imithetho ezininzi. Ngokutsho slogans ze abalimi wavuka umhlaba kunye nabasebenzi - izityalo. Ngoku kwakufuneka bakhusele inzuzo ye revolution. Intiyo ukuba namanje zeeteksi (abaqeshisi, ngoongxowankulu kunye t. D.) Isisiseko apho waphumla Red Army. Ukudalwa oluBomvu Army kwenzeka kaJanuwari 28, 1918. Ngale mini urhulumente omtsha kobuso Council of Commissars Abantu yamkela umthetho ahambelanayo.

Impumelelo kuqala

Kwakhona oko yasekwa Vsevobuch. Le nkqubo yenzelwe noqeqesho jikelele yamajoni abemi RSFSR kwandule USSR. Vsevobuch wabonakala Aprili 22, 1918, emva kokuba isigqibo Matshi ezabelwe lona wasiwa kwi VII Congress of the RCP (B). KwiBolsheviks babenethemba lokuba le nkqubo intsha iya kubanceda ukuba bajoyine ngokukhawuleza ezintlwini Red Army.

Formation amaqela axhobileyo abenza ngqo amabhunga kwinqanaba lengingqi. Ukongeza, le njongo sele zisekiwe iikomiti revolution (iikomiti revolution). Ekuqaleni, ayeba Inkululeko olukhulu kurhulumente kazwelonke. Ukusuka obukuye ngoko Red Army? Ukudalwa yale isakhiwo kwakhokelela nokuthontelana abaxhobileyo ezahlukahlukeneyo kuqhume. Aba bantu abo basebenzayo endala tsarist umkhosi-wamajoni amahlwempu, amajoni noomatiloshe phakathi Red Guards. Le ukungafani le nokuqulunqwa kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga lupwa lokulungela-mkhosi. Ukongeza, amaqela amaninzi wenza inconsistently ngenxa unyulo yabaphathi, irallie kunye nolawulo ehlangeneyo.

Nangona zonke iziphene, i-Red Army kwinyanga yokuqala War Civil iphumeze impumelelo ebalulekileyo eziye ukuze siphumelele yayo olungaguquki elizayo. KwiBolsheviks akwazi ukugcina eMoscow Ekaterinodar. eziqhubekayo zasekuhlaleni zicinezelwa ngenxa inzuzo ebalulekileyo lwamanani, kwakunye nenkxaso ngokubanzi ethandwayo. imithetho Populist kurhulumente waseSoviet (ingakumbi 1917-1918.) Ngaba umsebenzi wabo.

NoTrotsky wakhokela umkhosi

Ngexesha i leMfazwe Civil amanyathelo wokudala Red Army ngokukhawuleza emva komnye. Aprili 22, 1918 abathetheli ukhetho irhoxisiwe. Ke kaloku iinkokheli iindawo, imikhosi kunye nezigaba banyulwe yaBantu Commissariat Affairs Military. Intloko yokuqala arhente ngoNovemba 1917 waba UNikolai Podvoisky. Ngo March 1918 ukuba kubekwa Leon noTrotsky.

Le ndoda phambili-Oktobha Revolution e Petrograd. Revolutionary yakhokela kuthinjwe unxibelelwano zasezidolophini kunye Winter Palace of the Smolny, apho ikomkhulu kwiBolsheviks. Kwisigaba sokuqala mzobo War Civil noTrotsky yandile kunye nokubaluleka izigqibo akukho ngaphantsi ngokomfanekiso Vladimira Lenina. Akumangalisi ukuba Lev Davidovich wonyulwa njenge Abantu Commissar Affairs Military. italente yakhe sombutho kuzo zonke uzuko yayo esibonakaliswa eposini. Xa ingcambu kwendalo ye-Red Army aba yokuqala Commissar ezimbini.

amagosa Tsarist e Red Army

Enyanisweni, lo iiBolsheviks wabona umkhosi wakhe ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno engqongqo eklasini. Noko ke, ukungabikho amava uninzi abasebenzi kunye nabalimi owabangela ukuba ngokoyiswa zeqela. Ngoko ke, imbali ye-Red Army wathabatha elinye ithuba xa noTrotsky ecetywayo ukuncedisana ezintlwini yalo yangaphambili amagosa tsarist. Aba baba yinto ebalulekile. Bonke bephela zigqithile leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye abanye ukuze ukhumbule, kwaye Russian-Japanese. Abaninzi kubo ekuqaleni baba izidwangube.

Ngomhla nokudalwa Red Army, kwiBolsheviks ibhengeze ukuba uya kususwa ukusuka abanini kunye nezinye iintshaba sabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, le yimfuneko eyenziwayo ngcembe wayitshintsha indlela kwamandla Soviet. Kwimeko usengozini gqitha bhetyebhetye kwizigqibo zabo. ULenin waba kakhulu enze ngaphezu engqongqo. Ngoko ke wavuma kwizibhambathiso ngomba kunye zasebukhosini.

Ubukho oluBomvu Army "anokuvela omusha" kudala kwaba kwiBolsheviks yintloko. Amagosa Ababesakuba tsarist ngokuphindaphindiweyo wavusa qhankqalazo. Omnye yaba kwimvukelo ekhokelwa Mihaila Muraveva ngoJulayi 1918. Igosa Ekhohlo SR nowayesakuba tsarist wamiselwa alimwi eMpuma Front, kwiBolsheviks, xa amaqela amabini nangoku ukusekwa womanyano enye. Wazama ukumbamba amandla e Simbirsk, ngelo xesha wayesondele yeqonga zemfazwe. Le mvukelo iye bacinezelwa uYosefu Vareikis kunye Mihailom Tuhachevskim. Ukuvukela kwi oluBomvu Army, njengoko umthetho, baba ngenxa amanyathelo arhabaxa ingcinezelo of umyalelo.

Imbonakalo ngabakomishinala

Eneneni, umhla nokudalwa Red Army ayikho kuphela uphawu ebalulekileyo kwikhalenda yembali ukusekwa amandla yiSoviet kummandla yoBukhosi yangaphambili Russian. Ekubeni imikhosi exhobileyo baba ngokuthe owahlukeneyo, ze yabadlali - yomelele, ukuba CPC wagqiba ukuseka isithuba commissars zomkhosi. Babeza ukuqhuba ubuxoki phakathi kwabantu iqela kunye neengcali ubudala. Komishinala ukuba uwugudise kuphikisana izimvo zopolitiko kwezikhundla abanemfundo. Ukuba amagunya ezifunyenweyo kakhulu, abameli beqela abafundanga kuphela bayinyusa Red Army, kodwa ingxelo phezulu unreliability kwabantu abathile, ukunganeliseki, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngoko ke, lo iiBolsheviks zaye etyalwe yasemkhosini units diarchy. Kwelinye icala elinye abathetheli, yaye kwelinye - kwiKhomishoni. Imbali ye-Red Army bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba kungekhona ngenxa imbonakalo yabo. Xa likaxakeka, umkhomishinala ibe yinkokeli kuphela, eshiya umyalelo kwisiqalo. amabhunga zomkhosi zadalwa ukulawula iimbambaniso amaqela amakhulu. Kwimeko nganye kwezi imizimba ziyinxalenye umphathi enye Commissioner ezimbini. Baba kuphela kwiBolsheviks ideologically lukhuni (njenge umthetho, abantu abajoyine Party phambi revolution). Ngenxa yokwanda yomkhosi, kwaye kungoko ke ngabakomishinala, abasemagunyeni kwafuneka ukwenza izibonelelo ezitsha zemfundo ezifunekayo ukuze ze uqeqesho lwendlela yokusebenza kunye abaphembeleli.

ze

NgoMeyi 1918 yaye yasekwa yi kwikomkhulu Russian, yaye ngoSeptemba - iRevolutionary Military Council. Le mihla kunye nomhla nokudalwa Red Army engundoqo ekusasazeni kunye nokuqinisa amandla kwiBolsheviks. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution, icala aya radicalization le meko kweli lizwe. Emva ukungaphumeleli ukhetho RSDLP (b) iNdibano neqela , eli ziko (efunekayo ukumisela ikamva Russia qho okukhethekile) wayesasazekile. Ngoku bangi yamaBolshevik wahlala ngaphandle izixhobo omthetho akhoyo ukuze athethelele indawo yayo. Ngokukhawuleza kwavela intshukumo White kwimimandla ehlukeneyo yelizwe. Yilwa kwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa zomkhosi - le njongo, yaye kwakuthabatha nokudalwa Red Army.

Amafoto ngabakhuseli yobukomanisi elizayo waqala kuprintwa zibe imfumba enkulu-ndaba ze. I iiBolsheviks ekuqaleni wazama ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba abatsha ngoncedo izilogani anomtsalane .. "! I labo Socialist usengozini", njalo njalo La manyathelo banikwa ukusebenza, kodwa akwanelanga. Ngo-Epreli, ubungakanani umkhosi landile ukuya kwinqanaba amawaka 200 abantu, kodwa hayi kuba oku kuya ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndizinyathele iqela wonke ummandla yoBukhosi yangaphambili Russian. Musa ukulibala ukuba uLenin ephupha revolution yehlabathi. ERussia yena kuphela nokuqalisa bridgehead yokuqala yesigaba ngamazwe. Ukuze kuphuculwe yokuduma kwi Red Army yasekwa ulawulo kwezopolitiko.

Kulo nyaka Red Army wangena kuyo, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yezizathu ngemibono. Imfazwe frazzled elide kunye amaJamani, eli lizwe kudala ukunqongophala iimveliso. Ingozi ngokukodwa yindlala etsolo yabonwa kwizixeko. Xa iimeko ezinjalo bezraduzhnyh ulihlwempu akayi wafuna naliphi na ixabiso inkonzo (ibid siqinisekiso ene- njalo).

Ukuqaliswa kwe emkhosini jikelele

Nangona nokudalwa Red Army waqalisa ngokungqinelana ummiselo Council of Commissars Abantu ngoJanuwari 1918, ukukhawulezisa ukusekwa mabutho matsha weza ngoMeyi xa wavuka Czechoslovak lweSizwe. La majoni ezithathwe ibanjwa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, wathabatha ecaleni intshukumo abamhlophe Wamelana iiBolsheviks. I obonakaliswa zikhalile lizwe izindlu omncinane 40000th iye umkhosi kakhulu kakuhle kunye nobungcali.

Iindaba yemvukelo wawuxhokonxa nguLenin kunye Central neKomiti eLawulayo. KwiBolsheviks yagqiba ukuba bayandulele ijika. May 29, 1918 wakhupha umyalelo njengako apho kuqaliswa ukugaywa esisinyanzelo ukungenela umkhosi. Kwathatha uhlobo vivo. Kumgaqo ekhaya, urhulumente waseSoviet umgaqo-nkqubo of Communism imfazwe. Abalimi nje anqunyulwe izityalo zabo, waya kurhulumente, kodwa kakhulu laya kuma amajoni. party ukuba nikhetha ukuhlanganisa ngaphambili. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil, isiqingatha samalungu RSDLP (b) ukuphuma umkhosi. Ngaphezu koko, phantse zonke iiBolsheviks aba commissars kunye nabasebenzi ezopolitiko.

Summer noTrotsky iye ngoovulindlela ukuqaliswa emkhosini jikelele. Imbali ye-Red Army, ngamafutshane, baboyisa esinye isiganeko. July 29, 1918 bonke amadoda afanelekileyo kwiminyaka eli-18 ukuya ku-40 yaba, bebhalisiwe. Nkqu abameli utshaba ongxowankulu (abarhwebi zangaphambili, mveliso, njalo njalo. D.) Kuqukwa umkhosi wamajoni ngasemva. amanyathelo esiqatha ndithwele iziqhamo. Ukudalwa oluBomvu Army ngoSeptemba 1918 avunyelwe ukuba athumele abantu abangaphezu kwama-450 amawaka ngaphambili (imikhosi ngomnye 100,000 wahlala ngasemva).

RV

NoTrotsky, ezifana Lenin, ngexesha aqatywe ideology bucala abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, ukwenzela ukuphucula zokunqanda ubuchule imikhosi exhobileyo. Kwathi ke, njengoko Abantu Commissar uqalise iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kunye notshintsho ngaphambili. Lo mkhosi eye yabuyisela isigwebo ukufa ngenxa kunye ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imiyalelo. zimpawu wabuya, imilo efanayo, ulawulo igunya yedwa, kunye nezinye iimpawu ixesha yokumkani. May 1, 1918 at Khodynka Field eMoscow umbukiso yokuqala Red Army yasingatha. Zigcwele, le nkqubo uhola Vsevobuch.

NgoSeptemba, noTrotsky wakhokela elisandul 'ukusekwa Revolutionary Military Council. Le arhente karhulumente waye njengezona ubume ulawulo, ukuba akhokele umkhosi. ngesandla sokunene noTrotsky waba nguJoachim Vatsetis. Yena waba ngowokuqala phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet wamiselwa umphathi omkhulu. Loo ekwindla efanayo kwasekwa fronts - South, East North. Ngamnye kubo ikomkhulu layo. Inyanga yokuqala Red Army kwaba lixesha ukungaqiniseki - kwiBolsheviks lathathwa phakathi ideology kunye practice. Ke kaloku nkqubo ebambekayo sele enkulu, kwaye Red Army waqalisa ukwamkela ezo iifom kwaba isiseko salo kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo.

War ubukomanisi

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, izizathu ekudalweni Red Army kukukhusela urhulumente yamaBolshevik. Ekuqaleni, oko walawula yinxalenye encinane kakhulu European Russia. Kulo mzekelo, i RSFSR wayephantsi yengcinezelo abachasi zonke emacaleni aso. Xa satyikitya Brest uxolo isivumelwano eJamani Kaiser kaThixo ahlasela eRussia amagunya Entente. Ukungenelela yayincinane (it kuhlawulelwa kuphela emantla lizwe). Amagunya yaseYurophu igcinwe iingalo kunye nemali ikakhulu emhlophe. Kuba Red Army wahlasela French kwaye kuphela isizathu eMisebenzini ukuyidibanisa nokomelezwa ze uphakathi kwaba IsiNgesi. Ke kaloku nokudalwa Red Army ngokufutshane kunye ngokucacileyo nako ukumtyhilela Russia nokhuselo yahlaselwa ezinye izizwe. slogans Loo yanceda ukwandisa yokufika abatsha.

Ngelo xesha kulo lonke War Civil, bekukho ingxaki ngokunikezela imikhosi exhobileyo nazo zonke iintlobo zezibonelelo. Uqoqosho ofe, amashishini ngokufuthi ugwayimbo yaqhambuka elalini liye laba nendlala eqhelekileyo. Kungenxa yoku ukuba abasemagunyeni eSoviet baqalisa ukwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ndawonye emfazweni.

Umongo walo yayilula. Uqoqosho wakhula kakhulu kwindawo enye. URhulumente wayethatha ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zabo ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo kweli lizwe. amashishini yezoshishino uhulumeni ngoko nangoko emva kokuba i-Oktobha Revolution. Ngoku, kwiBolsheviks kwafuneka yayama zonke isiselo ngaphandle komzi. Irikhwizishini, evelisa irhafu, nangoloyikiso ngamnye abalimi, abangazange bafune ukwabelana norhulumente ingqolowa yabo - konke oko yaqala lokudlala ukwenzela ukuba inkxaso-mali i-Red Army.

Ukulwa ukweqa

NoTrotsky ngokobuqu waya ngaphambili ukuze ukulawula ukwenziwa kwee-odolo zazo. Agasti 10, 1918 wafika Sviyazhsk, njengokuba kude kuye edabini for Kazan. Kwidabi ekrakra enye regiments Red Army obo wabaleka. NoTrotsky wadubula esidlangalaleni zonke ijoni weshumi kule ukwakheka. Ubundlobongela obunjalo, ngakumbi njenge sisithethe, sifunda yamandulo yamaRoma isithethe - ukubulawa.

Xa isigqibo Commissar waqalisa ukuba kutolwe bamkelwe nje kuphela, kodwa malingerers, ukuba ukucela ukusuka phambi sifo wengqikelelo. Le apogee yokulwa abasabileyo yaba zagranotryadov indalo. Ngexesha kwangaphambili imikhosi eziphambili emva rose emkhosini ngokukodwa ezikhethiweyo wadubula panties elifanelekileyo ebudeni bale ekulweni. Ngoko ngoncedo amanyathelo draconian nenkohlakalo, yinto eningenakukholwa yiyo, i-Red Army yaba wawohlwaya abangumzekelo. KwiBolsheviks waba nesibindi kunye sokugxeka nesebenzayo ngoko ngqwayi ayizange asinabuganga imikhosi White. NoTrotsky akazange eya naziphi na iindlela zokusasaza elalisakuba yiSoviet kungekudala yaziwa ngokuba "indimoni wotshintsho."

Ubunye imikhosi exhobileyo

yaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe kunye ukubonakala Red Army. Ekuqaleni, i-Red Army akazange anikeze uhlobo enye yokunxiba. Amajoni badla ukuqhubeka benxibe iimpahla zomkhosi okanye abangekho iimpahla zakhe. Ngenxa yokufika kakhulu abalimi ezilala ngeembadada, kuba ungaphezulu kakhulu ezilala njengesiqhelo oxwesileyo. isiyaluyalu Loo eyaqhubeka de kube sekupheleni yokumanya nemikhosi exhobileyo.

Ekuqaleni 1919 laqalisa ezipetshiweyo iiyantlukwano ngokungqinelana isigqibo Revolutionary Military Council. Ngelo xesha linye i-Red Army wavuka umnqwazi wayo, nto leyo waziwa edume ngokuba Budenovka. Shirt ne idyasi wafumana semigudu bebala. uphawu liyabonakala yaba inkwenkwezi ebomvu athungwe kwi ngesigqubuthelo.

Ukuqaliswa kwe-Red Army ezinye iimpawu uphawu umkhosi endala kukhokelele kwinto yokuba kukho inkcaso neyelenqe epatini. Amalungu alo ayexhasa ngokukhatywa ukuhlehla eceleni. ULenin noTrotsky, bahlangana ngoMatshi 1919 VIII Congress bakwazi ukumela indlela yabo.

Ukuqhekezwa lwentshukumo White, yokuduma ezinamandla kwiBolsheviks, ukuzimisela kwabo ekuqhubeni ingcinezelo ukuba lulwe kwayo, kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi kwakhokelela yokuba amandla yiSoviet yasekwa kummandla phantse wonke yangaphambili ubukhosi Russian, ngaphandle Poland eFinland. Red Army iphumelele imfazwe yamakhaya. Ngelo isigaba sokugqibela kwembambano sele abantu abazizigidi 5.5 amandla yakhe.