Le medium yokugcina ophambili Russia yamandulo. Imbali eendaba

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo, uluntu luthe lwafuna ulwazi. Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ebangela kukhuphiswano olunzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kakhulu eshushu zasendle. Ukuze siphumelele, ukufumana injongo yaso-bume engentle, le ndoda kwanyanzeleka ukuba bathungelane, ingakumbi yengqondo. Ngapha koko, nkqu abameli yokuqala ka-Homo sapiens xa ebusweni Bamandulo Phaya nako bakhuphisane amandla ngokukhawuleza kunye izingwe saber-unamazinyo namabhere mqolomba. Kodwa njani ukulondoloza ulwazi Ingqokelela? Yintoni na le yenethiwekhi ulwazi eRashiya yamandulo wayesoyikwa ngaphezu nayiphi na enye?

Kutheni transfer amava inzala?

Abantu ukuza ubuchule kunye namacebo ukuze aphuthise ngazo amandla ongalawulekiyo izilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, le yamandulo kwinkqubo yophuhliso kwaye senze enye ingxaki - inzala zoqeqesho. Ngenxa short umlinganiselo ubomi, maxa wambi ulwazi kunye namava yokubulawa kunye naye. Isizukulwana esitsha uye wafunda sele kwiimpazamo zabo, ukuba angabi nako ukusebenzisa naliphi na izinto ezigcina eRashiya yamandulo, umzekelo. Oku ndathintelwa kakhulu inkqubo yonke yendaleko yaye uhlale umntu nganeno ngaseludinini ukusinda.

Mhlawumbi umnqweno sokutshintshela amava kunye nolwazi ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo washukumisa ababhali mizobo yamandulo eweni. kuvame kakhulu ukuba zime imifanekiso ngokuzingela, amayeza kunye mbumbulu kunye nezinye iiklasi luncedo kwabantu bokuqala. Kungaphikiswa ukuba ngale ndlela bazama ukufumana eendaba indala zendalo. Ngapha koko, abanye babo sele kudlule iinkulungwane kwaye wasinda ukuya namhlanje.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingxaki ulondolozo kunye nokusasazwa amava iye ibaluleka. Emva efaka ulwazi zaye kuthwa efuna inkcazelo ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi ukudluliswa ukuya kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ngokuba bonke ubuhle kunye nentsingiselo enzulu petroglyphs bokuqonda isenzo esithile, kodwa akazange kudlula. Nathi abanomdla ukubona indlela yokufundisa nokufunda eRashiya yamandulo, umzekelo.

Yintoni efanele kuqwalaselwa ulwazi?

Uyacetyiswa ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na iinkcukacha ezo. Sublimating iimbono izibalo ziingcali ezininzi, ukunika le nkcazelo: kuba isethi data kwi abantu, iziganeko ngezimanga, nto leyo akuxhomekekanga kwindlela ntetho. Xa sincokola ngayo umxholo basekhaya, ulwazi - lulwazi ukuba umntu ofumana kwindalo okanye uluntu.

Ngenxa yokuba izinto zazivelela lokubonakala ezibhaliweyo imithombo, abagcini-data wayiqokelela. iziphathi Material - ngamaxwebhu eziqulathe iseti ye data ukugqithisa elandelayo becala ngexesha okanye indawo.

Ukufunda abathwali izinto yamandulo ukuza kwisigqibo sokuba nangakumbi kodwa ezingaphathekiyo, t. E. Abantu ukudlulisela ulwazi lwabo kuphela ngohlobo lomlomo. Izinto ezenziwa abantu kule meko ayinakuthenjwa kakhulu.

Ukubhala uxwebhu

Nangona kumaxesha amandulo akubanga njengokuba enjalo ingqiqo ka "amaxwebhu", ke imithombo ukuba bahlile beza imihla yethu ebhaliweyo. Ngoko ke, yintoni na?

Kakade ke, abanye twa kunokuthathwa amaxwebhu petroglyphs, ezo abembi mihla. Ba ku shiyana, ukuze adlulisele inkcazelo malunga neziganeko ezenzeka kwixesha elidluleyo kude. Kodwa ezi izinto eziphathekayo kunye nophuhliso lwabo Weza ukuvela yokubhala.

An into umdla kukuba kubantu ekuqaleni wazama ukuba imibhalo yabo "indlela lixesha endala" kwi ematyeni. Mhlawumbi NEZIVUMELWANO izinyanya ithi ukuthembeka le ndlela zodluliselo lwedata. Kodwa amava abonisa ukuba ayikho. Mu kuya kwa nshita amanani, imibhalo yakudala lomntu badla hoywa, u sibekwe ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba layitshabalalisa okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke, ukubona into elolo hlobo kule mihla kunzima kakhulu.

Clay - endala USB medium

Imbali eendaba luqala, mhlawumbi, ukususela kwixesha xa abantu baye bafunda ukuba ubhale iingcinga zabo ngendlela iifom ezingaphezu ezikhuselweyo. Esinye izinto wokuqala ofumanekayo ukwenza amaxwebhu amandulo zibe udongwe. Le nto elula yafunyanwa ngama-nabemi bamandulo waseMesopotamiya. Loo Sumerians kwemoto besonwaya imibhalo yakhe amacwecwe amancinane odongwe.

Loo indlela yokudlulisela inkcazelo iye ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka iliwa kunye nodonga ukupeyinta. Kwaye nangona oku script ayikwazi bawabize, isibakala sokuba ezinye macwecwe esekhona imihla yethu, ithetha lukhulu. Ngophuhliso le Impucuko ngokuthe ngcembe ezinokuntsonkotha lube ngokupheleleyo kunye namacwecwe. Udongwe fresh akululanga ukuba ukuzoba, ezo, ndazikhamela indlela ekhethekileyo umlinganiswa.

Ekupheleni impucuko yakhe, lo Sumerians amandulo usebenzisa amacwecwe odongwe ebhaliweyo iincwadi lonke yaye wadala zethala real omnye. Amajelo ezindala zendalo, ukuqokelelwa eyaziwa kuthi njengoko kwithala yokumkani waseAsiriya Ashurbanipal, kuba la macwecwe ngaphezulu kwama-30,000. Kwaye uthi kakhulu eyayinethombo ngokunzulu ulwazi, eyayisabambelele abantu bamandulo.

Ukusuka kudongwe ukuya metal - indlela amakhulu ambalwa

Ukubhala kweli xesha, ngakumbi nangakumbi iphuhliswe. Yombhalo elivela phezu iileyibheli, wakhula elide. Ubumba kumafa yaso yendalo kakhulu olunzima rhoqo, ngoko kwaba nzinyana ukugcina íOpus elide abantu bamandulo.

Kwakufuneka enye yenethiwekhi. Yintoni eendaba kakhulu yendalo kwimbali yoluntu? Emva kokuba abantu ngodongwe baye basebenzisa ithambo nobunzima kakhulu okanye ipleyiti yesinyithi. Sisihlandlo sokuqala kula maxwebhu abaseYiputa yamandulo. Kwaba khona ukuba aphuhlisiwe kwaye lilungelelanise umbhalo Emacebeni. Le ushicilelo ayisetyenziswa ukuba basike, kunye nesimbo okhethekileyo okuneziqholo ukuba ngokuqhwaya okubhaliweyo okufiunwayo.

Ngenxa compactness nokuthembeka abathwali data, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abekwe umbongo yonke. AmaGrike amandulo, umzekelo wabhala, imiyalezo yabo emacwecweni elikhokelayo, ngoko ukubeka nabo engcwabeni ngenxa ukuba bavune imimoya emibi.

Le ezintsha uthathwe neRoma Ancient. Thathela ingqalelo abemi jikelele ukukhanyisela ubukhosi, akumangalisi ukuba loo iipleyiti sabhalwa phantse yonke into - ukusuka kwemiyolelo ukuya imimiselo, apapashwa yi iNdlu Yeengwevu. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokugqibela, oku kwenziwa kwi ubhedu, nto leyo ke kuxhomekeke ukuqhayisa. Noko ke, imveliso zegazi pretty anqabileyo, ukuze yamaRoma esisityebi.

Yanjengomthwebeba - isisombululo olutshiphu yenethiwekhi data

Umonakalo baqala ukwenza aphume ngumthwebeba. Isiseko eyayenziwe lwendlovu okanye umthi. Xa isibotho kwicala lalo phambi wathulula wax. Kwacaca ukuba uhlobo mihla umntwana ngebhegi screen apho ubhale kwaye susa lokubhala elibukhali kubhaliweyo xa kuyimfuneko. Sinokuthi ngale ndlela linxulumene eendaba yamandulo mihla.

Le nkqubo yaba yimpumelelo kangangokuba lweminyaka 1500. Kunye neepilisi wax zasetyenziswa ookhokho bethu, lowo wababiza tserami. Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba le medium ukugcinwa eRashiya yamandulo lidla kakhulu isetyenziswa yi abarhwebi Russian njengoko accounting ngaphezulu. Kodwa ke kuphela ngabantu zorhwebo tsery ndi. Iinkonzo zoLuntu zaveliswa ngenxa kubo imimiselo kunye notoliko. Umzekelo, ukuba ngoku sele ifikelele yiNkulungwane XI uxwebhu emangalisayo, yomhla. Yayibizwa ngokuba Novgorod Codex, yaye lwaluquka inamaphepha amane.

Ngqangi - iphepha endala

Ngelishwa, ngenxa iimeko zemozulu amacwecwe wax ngokufuthi bawa azisalungiseki. Ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo tsery engenako ukumelana imozulu eshushu. Nangona yaba yenethiwekhi ephambili ulwazi eRashiya yamandulo, abemi baseYiputa yabonakala ngqangi. Ewe, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko amacwecwe nodongwe, khona oku ezintsha yaba eYiputa.

Inkangeleko kubaphandi ngqangi lokuqala uphole BC kwekhulu XXV. I ekrwada izinto lokuvelisa yeengcongolo waba udondolo, njengokuntshula ngobuninzi phezu kweendonga zeNayile. Ngokwawo, i-ngqangi wenziwa undoqo kwisityalo, nto leyo isikwe ngezithandelo angamarhoqorhoqo, koko wabeka zidlulela kwi ilitye elikhulu egudileyo. Yena, ke, wabekwa phantsi ingqatsini yelanga zaseYiputa. Emva omiswe, yiPapyrus likhazimliswe scrapers ezizodwa ezenziwe lwendlovu. Ukulungele--ukutya ngqangi i tape elide, kwaye ke ngoko kukhethwa zigcinwa misongo.

Thile emva ukuqhagamshela iimakhishithi ophuma ezintsimbini ncwadi. Ibungu waba kakuhle yande ngo-Greece kunye uBukhosi baseRoma. Kodwa ke nangona ukuthandwa yale ophethe lwazi namanje ukungathembeki. Wayedla eqwengile, utshiswe, exhakamfula yi uthuli. Nangona kunjalo, inani amaxwebhu enziwe ngompapiri wasinda unanamhla. Noko ke, kunokuba Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo lo mgaqo.

Kwimipapiri medium yokugcina Rus yamandulo phantse lisusiwe. Oobawo wakhetha izinto ethembeke ngakumbi ngohlobo amacwecwe wax, uze bephupha.

izikhumba

Ngenkulungwane yesibini BC, abantu baye kakuhle imveliso ngesikhumba. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kwabangela umgaqo "yonke into entsha -. Ilityalwe kakuhle endala" Kodwa izikhumba zezilwanyana kwakhona waqalisa kusetyenziswa njengesiseko imveliso elizayo ophethe data. Umahluko eziphambili ngqangi kukugcina ngamandla ngaphezulu eziphathekayo. Sithi e ePergamo yaye, ngaphandle kokuchitha, wamnika igama imveliso yazo.

Nangona iindleko imidiya entsha elingaphezulu kakhulu kunolo yeengcongolo, izikhumba ngokuqinileyo nangokuzithemba bagxothwa ukusetyenziswa angamarhoqorhoqo, ethe iipleyiti ngengcongolo. It wenziwa untanned ngesikhumba eluswini izilwanyana, ekukhethwa iigusha okanye lenkomo.

Esondele ukubonakala mihla ngesikhumba evela BC kwinkulungwane II. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, le nkcazelo iye ngqangi ethandwayo. Into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwale ophethe lwazi eRashiya yamandulo, kungqinwa-ngqangi ezininzi, ndahlala iintsuku zethu.

Izikhumba kwakuxhaphakile kakuhle kwihlabathi lamandulo, kodwa ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zemveliso bonke abantu baqala ukujonga okunye.

Birch ixolo - isipho wendalo

ERashiya, codex phantse akukwazanga de AD ngenkulungwane XV. Bonke evela phesheya, ngoko ke townsfolk waba ayifumaneki. Njengoko kunjalo kunye amacwecwe odongwe, abantu ngokuthe ngcembe bafika kwisigqibo sokuba uyakwazi ukusebenzisa zokubhala umthi. Olu kwezikhumba esinzulu, ekwenziweni yeengcongolo, ezizezi notch abalinganiswa ezirhabaxa phambi kwindawo ngamaplanga. Loo ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko yonke inkqubo yemveliso wenza "iphepha" yoluntu.

Ibali obu bugcisa imvelaphi yayo kumazwe zemvula. Kwaba ukusuka apho waya Western eYurophu neRashiya Ancient, kodwa iguqulwe kancinane kwaye yaphuculwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kusetyenziswe iinkuni ekuvelisweni abathwali ulwazi waba isitshixo kwaye isigqibo indima ekubunjweni yonke le yephepha. Kodwa kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqalisa ukususela BC ngenkulungwane VIII, iibhodi yeplanga zisetyenziswa kakhulu kukuba eRashiya mandulo. Ekwenziweni izinto zokubhala eRashiya wasebenzisa ezinde amaxolo. Ngenxa yoko igama kwesigele oza kuqala engqondweni xa ubuza: "? Yintoni yenethiwekhi ulwazi eRashiya yamandulo" ixolo Birch.

Ithekhnoloji ivelisa ezihlaba elula. Emva ngokushushubeza i preforms zaye kokuphalwa ukusuka ezinde ixolo umaleko engaphakathi, ngoko wonqanyulwa ngenyameko buthelezi. Umphumo waba tape (roll), okanye kwi kungqameko uxande.

miqulu birchbark

Njengomgaqo, birchbark lisongiwe imisongo, okubhaliweyo ebhaliweyo wazifumana ngaphandle kwayo. Iitekisi oluphumayo lokuloba ekhethekileyo eyenziwe ngentsimbi okanye ithambo. Birch ixolo zazisetyenziswa Russia yonke indawo. Ngenxa cheapness kunye lula wokwenziwa, ukuba ziyafikeleleka amacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu.

sibonda yamahlwempu kuzo Census ishawa, abarhwebi abazibandakanya ingxelo kunye nomgaqo lubonakaliswa kwi ezinde ixolo intando yayo. Nokuba wenza incwadi encinane evela ixolo ezinde unxitywe phakathi amacwecwe. imizekelo isetyenziswayo oonobumba ezinde-ixolo kuba kukho ubungqina obucacileyo indlela zazisetyenziswa ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwakhe ukhuphela imbali Russia yamandulo. Imfundo e Russia zifuna ukufumana iziqinisekiso nezakhono zokubhala, nto leyo egxininisa kuphela ukubaluleka ulondolozo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi.

Paper - Isigaba sokugqibela

Ababhali-mbali bathi iphepha uvele China kwi BC ngenkulungwane II. Imbonakalo yayo ngenxa unreliability kunye neendleko eziphezulu ezikhoyo of ukudluliselwa kolwazi ngohlobo amacwecwe, njengompapiri ekulobeni. I iisampuli lokuqala iimveliso iphepha eyenziwe cocoons silkworm enesiphako, kamva ukuba baqalisa ukusebenzisa hemp obukeka.

Ngowe-105 B.C .. e. inkosi Chinese Cai Lun waqalisa ukuvelisa iphepha kwimicu yemibhaka wamzalela, amadlavu, iinkuni uthuthu kunye hemp. Konke oku ezixutywe namanzi ngendlela ekhethekileyo, yaye emva koko ndazi ilanga. Emva omiswe, inkosi mpuluswa ngenyameko owona mongo ngenxa ngamatye ezikhethekileyo. Wayila Cai Lun yaba isiqalo ukuba ukuphuculwa ngakumbi kwephepha. Xa nesakhiwo sakhe "inkampani" zezithako amatsha kongezwa, ekwenzeni iphepha endala ixesha elide kakhulu yaye agudileyo, nto leyo kamva kwakhokelela imveliso indibano-line. Kwaye imbali kumajelo ixesha elide abayeka, kunokuthiwa lwaphela

Ekuqaleni yemveliso iphepha VII ngenkulungwane inkosi Korea kunye Japan. Kwaye emva kweminyaka 150 woyazi Arabhu. ukusasazeka phepha kade. Oku kungenxa yemeko okuvala ezinye Arab States evela eYurophu. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba i-Spanish ukoyisa mfihlo ngaphandle yaza yasasazwa kulo lonke neNtshona yeYurophu.