Iintlawulo ukukhululwa

Iintlawulo Redemption - umsebenzi karhulumente yenziwa yoBukhosi Russian ngokunxulumene ukupheliswa of serfdom. Eyona njongo iphambili yale nto ukususa isabelo somhlaba kubunini Sasungulwa. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni abantu utshintsho, kunye inkululeko, ehlawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-amafa mihlaba kunye nerhafu barshchina. Baba "nabalimi enyanzelekile okwethutyana".

Iintlawulo Redemption zingasetyenziswa kungakhathaliseki iminqweno mhlaba. Noko ke, sonke isixa esifunekayo, imali leyo kubalwa ngokususela amagatya manqaku, umlimi kwakufuneka banyamezele ngokupheleleyo. Ilungiselelwe i mboleko kwetu. Kodwa kwenzeka kuphela ekufunyanweni ilizwe, ndawonye nentsimi kumazwe kwilifa Settlement. Ukuphetha intengiselwano kubandakanya ukupheliswa ubudlelwane ezinyanzelekileyo ilizwe phakathi umnini kunye nabalimi.

Intengiselwano kwetu eneneni Kuthathwa ngokuba umthetho, isivumelwano mutual ngokuzithandela. Kunye nale, umnini-mhlaba inokufuna ezinyanzelekileyo lo msebenzi. Noko ke, kule imeko, iintlawulo ngentlawulelo lwabalwa mboleko, kwaye umnini uphelelwe ilungelo abafumani ntlawulo yongezelelweyo. mali ezongezelelweyo abebexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwisivumelwano ekugqitywe ngalo ngumnini kwaye umlimi, kule nkalo, amanani echanekileyo kwisifundo zilahlekile. Yaziwa, Noko ke, ukuba ubungakanani imali eyongezelelweyo elingana amabini ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini le mboleko.

iintlawulo Redemption zaba ukuba umlimi uhlobo zinzima zerhafu ngqo. Iinzuzo zixhomekeke nerhafu ezazikho ngelo xesha. Noko ke, iintlawulo ngentlawulelo baba ngaphantsi kancinci i-irente ukuyeka.

Kumaphondo umhlaba non-amnyama, apho yaqulunqwa okuloba ngakumbi, isixa ilizwe sasibaxiwe ukuya zinengeniso esezantsi ixabiso lomhlaba. Kwiindawo ezinjalo, umnini-mhlaba sele sile ilizwe lakhe ukuba athenge ukubala ethile kwezoqoqosho. Kwaye nokuba walahlekelwa intlawulo engaphezulu, enyanisweni, wathengisa lo mhlaba ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kunokuba eyona ixabiso layo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba 1877, ngomnyaka wesithoba inani imicimbi ngokucelwa lomnini phantse ezimbini amaxesha ngaphezu kwenani intengiselwano kwesivumelwano mutual.

I yoMthetho ngentlawulelo kwangethuba kunye nezinye iintlobo buyiselo kwabonwa kusekude. Ngokutsho inqaku (kwiSiqendu 165), oko kungenzeka ukwenza iintlawulo kwetu, ugxininise ukwaba umhlaba olufanelekileyo ngoko nangoko. Lo mhlaba waba ipropati yabucala a umlimi. Eli nqaku noko lawuzamazamisayo hlobo yoluntu lomiwo mhlaba. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 linyuke kakhulu intlawulelo inqaku ikhulu yesihlanu-zaba ngamashumi omathandathu. Ngoko ke, de 1882, kunyaka wasiwa ubunini umlimi malunga 47.735 iziza, yaye kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva eli nani liye landa ku 101 413 iifama. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba ibuyiswe ngokuthengwa kunyaka 1887-th, ngaphezu kabini njengomhlaba kakhulu nemizi ngaphezu kule minyaka imashumi mabini edlulileyo.

Kwakukho umyalelo wawucacisa, njengoko apho uvavanyo lwaqhutywa ukujonga iintlawulo kwetu, mboleko. Kwakukho ke okubafaneleyo yonyaka. It yafakwa esabiwe ngalo, libhange Sasungulwa isabelo. Iirenti ukuba wafumana umnini-ndlu. Yeka-eyinkunzi ekhulwini ezintandathu. Ukususela imali ebalwe ka asibhozo eyinkunzi ekhulwini (kwimeko lokuyifumana zomlimi sibeka), okanye amashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu (ukuba umlimi ezifunyenwe yancitshiswa isabelo) yanikwa kumninindlu.

Amathandathu ekhulwini intlawulo yonyaka kwesiqingatha ekhulwini yanikwa urhulumente ukuhlawula iindleko umbutho kunye nehambo kotyando, abasele ezintlanu nesiqingatha ekhulwini waya ahlawule inzala nezibambiso ezikhutshwe yi-ndawo, kwakunye lokuhlawula ityala.

Ukupheliswa Iintlawulo ngentlawulelo kwenzeka ngo-1907, nangona kwacetywa ngo-1932. ukupheliswa kwangoko imisebenzi ngenxa yokuba ukuqala i Stolypin uguquko kwezolimo, kwakunye impembelelo zeziganeko 1905.