Ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu kwendawo nguHerodotus: inkcazelo kunye nembali

LikaHerodotus, lowo ubizwa ngokuba nguyise imbali, wazalwa kunyaka 484 BC kwi Halicarnassus (Noko ke, ezi data ezingaphicothwanga, kwaye umhla wokuzalwa akukho umnxeba mntu uphulukana). Yaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kwanokuba ke wazalwa phakathi Wars wasePersi. Kwakhona ayephila kangako ngohambo lwakhe. ingcombolo yolwazi eninzi malunga amaYiputa, namaFenike kunye nezinye izizwe bashiya ngasemva nguHerodotus. ezifunyaniswe Geographical thina ngokufutshane ukuxoxa kweli nqaku.

Imvelaphi nguHerodotus

Wazalelwa Halicarnassus inkwenkwe ukususela ebuntwaneni bakhe ukubukela indlela eya kwizibuko iinqanawa abezayo nabemkayo evela kumazwe akude. Kungenzeka, iye eyenziwe kuye amkhanuke kumazwe unexplored, ehamba kunye ezifunyaniswe. Kwiminyaka omncinane kwafuneka ashiye ilizwe encinane kumzabalazo wokulwa ubundlobongela, leyo, Noko ke, yathi yasekwa apha. Waye ke ebehleli kancinane e Samos, kunyaka 464 ithunyelwe uhambo lwakho olude umhambi yekaHerodotus, ukufunyanwa geographical eziya kwenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwinzululwazi.

LikaHerodotus, eBhabhiloni

Yamandulo zobungangamela capital waseAsiriya, banabileyo ngasechwebeni umEfrate - kweBhabhiloni. Ekubeni laqala uhambo wayo indoda enkulu. Esi sixeko singqongwe yi umsele aqinileyo zodaka kabini. Streets, uhamba njengesivumelwano nje njengomlawuli, bayizalisa indlu nemigangatho ezintathu okanye ezine. Ke igxininisa sesakhiwo ixesha umhambi queens Netoktidy neBhabhiloni. Amadami, emila, ibhulorho - zonke eyakhiwa eBhabheli, enkosi abafazi sisilumko. Yintoni sabika geographical ezifunyaniswe ezinxulumene nale ndawo?

Ngokubanzi, wathetha ngentlonelo na inkcubeko eMpuma yamandulo, ngokungasilibali ukubaluleka kwayo inkcubeko yehlabathi lamandulo. UHerodotus wavula ulwazi kakhulu ehlabathini malunga abantu ababehlala yintoni na ngoku Tien shan naseTurkmenistan (Sogd, sahah, areyah kwaye njalo njalo).

ezifunyaniswe Geographical of nguHerodotus in India

Ngoxa eAsiriya, umhambi weva lukhulu malunga ilizwe ezingaziwayo of India. ukurekhoda lwakhe ababephila bakhe baba nomdla omkhulu. Ngokutsho likaHerodotus, ingcaciso yokuqala malunga kwikona engaziwayo wavuka ukumkani uDariyo, xa wathumela bakhe ukuba baphande indlela ephuma emlonyeni Indus ukuya kuLwandle Olubomvu.

Apha vodilos a iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka, izilwanyana eqaqambileyo ezinkulu kunye nezityalo emangalisayo. NakumaGrike xesha nani ayaziwa. Ngoko ke, lo mbuzo "? Yintoni ukufunyanwa eendawo ezenziwe nguHerodotus in India" Ngaba iphendulwe kule ndlela; wamnika ke kwanamaGrike cereal omtsha okunesondlo - irayisi. Ndingakhange kuye, "isiqhamo uboya" - cotton. Malunga ke abantu belo lizwe, wabhala ukuba abantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, kukho izizwe amadlelo kunye ungenzi nto, yaye bonke ezahlukeneyo: umntu owenza umsebenzi yokuloba, ngoxa abanye wadliswa utyani kuphela.

Zeziphi ezifunyaniswe zejografi ezenziwe nguHerodotus e Scythia?

Ethetha kwesayensi abahambi kweli lizwe, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba nguye owokuqala wabanika inkcazelo eneenkcukacha yobomi, imikhuba namasiko Scythia. Phambi likaHerodotus, amaSkitiya ezo beziza eyaziwa nto. Ngoko ke zezenzululwazi azalelwe eentaba namageduka kwaye erhabaxa, oko ubethwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amaSkitiya - esikhulu ithafa esisityebi chernozem kumhlaba otyebileyo. Imozulu yeli lizwe ukumangaliswa yekaHerodotus, kwabonakala ngathi ubusika apha ithatha ubuncinane iinyanga ezisibhozo. Lowo uhlala phezu nenkcazelo yommandla lomlambo; Istra, Tyra Borisphen njalo njalo. umsebenzi wakhe izizwe Scythia waba ababephila ebalulekileyo, kaloku ke, kuqinisekiswa yi zembiwa ezenziwa ngexesha lethu. UHerodotus wachaza amasiko oyinyaniso nezithethe kwezinye izizwe, ndinomnqweno wokwazana nabo. Ingakumbi unomdla kwezizwe zakhe ephila iinkomo-nokuzalela, kuba indlela yabo, yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba amaGrike. Ngokucacileyo wachaza umhambi amaqhinga zomkhosi yamaSkitiya, uyandithanda. Baba nako siphumele phambi abahlaseli bengamabutho ngamabutho, ekufakeleni ukuba kwintsimi ekhululekile yaye emva koko kuphela ukuvula umlo ohlawulayo.

Sabika e Egypt

Egypt uvuse umdla umhambi enkulu ngaphezu naziphi kumazwe watyelela ngaphambili. Lowo ubonakalisa intlanganisela ogqibeleleyo iJografi kunye nezeMbali kuyo. Sabika geographical ezifunyaniswe ngaye eYiputa, baba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Greece ngelo xesha. Nile izikhukula wambetha, waza waziphosa yonke imikhosi yawo impendulo iimfihlelo zakhe.

Umhambi kunye mbali, washiya inkcazo yokuqala amaYiputa, ubomi babo izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Ingakumbi waphawula umsebenzi wakhe yena karhi isilwanyana kunye nabantu, leyo zange iqatshelwe eGrisi. isivumelwano oluchaziweyo, kwafakwa i cat umYiputa, kwena, Inkonde, kumangaliswa nguHerodotus. Sekunjalo, lo ingqalelo ezininzi yena ubhatala ekufundweni amanzi ezingcwele zeNayile. ehlanganisiwe kakhulu siqithi kwakhe Elephantine, apho "Nilometer". kakuhle Umyinge ngeendonga ezenziwe lenyengane, edityaniswe kwisixhobo ekhethekileyo umlambo. Kwiibhodi, ethe uwalungise kakhulu iphawulwe ngokuqinileyo amanzi eNayile. Emva kokubuya siqithi, umhambi ugqiba ukuba ukuthumela ku Libya.

Ukugxekwa imibono ezidlulileyo

LikaHerodotus, ehamba kumazwe ezahlukeneyo ukuze bafumane amava enkulu elo xesha. Yena agxeke iingcinga endala zehlabathi. Ezi ukuhamba izovela nguHerodotus kubalulekile!

AmaGrike ayekholelwa ukuba belimiwe umhlaba imilo setyhula. Sabika uphikisa bakuve. Wathi ukuba ubunzima ilizwe mfuneko uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu, kwaye umda ukuqhuba phezu kwemilambo enkulu. Share Europe, Asia kunye Libya (ezibe umahluko omkhulu ngokwemiqathango labemi kunye nohlobo ngengingqi), yena ecetywayo kungekhona imilambo wasePhasis, Tanais, iNile kunye kuLwandle lweMeditera, ezikwelasePonto kunye Metaide. Ojikelezayo amazwe lehlabathi, isazinzulu ulukhanyele ingcamango nakumaGrike ilizwe disk-ezimilise emancamini liphume, yaye phakathi nokuqinisa.

Emva kokufunda imisebenzi kwi iJografi kunye nezeMbali, eyabhalwa Greek uHerodotus, akanako phantsi ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwinzululwazi! Umhambi njengenye vulindlela eziphambili ngexesha lakhe. Wahlanganisa ulwazi ekhoyo malunga ihlabathi eyodwa yokusebenza, wanika abantu ababephila kunye neenkcazelo nezizwe ezininzi kunye nendlela abaphila ngayo kunye namasiko. UHerodotus waba ngumlandeli noStrabo omkhulu.