Disemba uvukelo: Oonobangela kunye neziphumo

NgoDisemba 1905, i-revolution yokuqala Russian ifikelele incopho yawo. A mvukelo kwaqhambuka eMoscow. Impi yokulwela kwi sixeko iiveki ezimbini. Ngaxeshanye kuso kwakukho ngedlela kwizixeko ezithile zephondo. Noko ke, eMoscow uqhushululu, yabulala amakhulu abantu, iye livunyelwe. Emva kolo loyiso, urhulumente tsarist wathabatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo, yaye ekugqibeleni ngokupheleleyo zicinezelwa revolution ka-1905-1907.

Oonobangela kunye neemeko

Famous Disemba uphakamo Abaxhobileyo yaqala ngenxa kwitsheyini lweziganeko. Kokuba esele zamkelwe Manifesto odumileyo ka-Oktobha 17, nto leyo ubanike ilizwe ezinye inkululeko kunye waseka ipalamente. Noko ke, ukunganeliseki wahlala phakathi kwabantu. Disemba 4, 1905 wayesiya plenum weBhunga yamaSekela Workers 'eMoscow. Ngomhla olwandulela kweTrone Okokuqala kwaba wombhodamo ezazimi apho Rostov butho. La majoni afuna ukutya, iileta nokupheliswa ukuhluza iindaba kunye njalo njalo. D. Against imvelaphi yale siganeko waqalisa ukuya kwi warpath abasebenzi abaninzi. bazakhe eMoscow wahlanganisa ukuba ulimise logwayimbo. Ngale njongo, iBhunga enkantolo.

Centre of the Disemba kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo eMoscow waba kwikholeji Fiedler kwi Chistye Prudy. Kukhona wahlala yiSoviet of yamaSekela lwaBasebenzi, kwaye apha kwinkomfa yamaBolshevik walungiswa. Ngokuhlwa, yaqala ngomhla 5 lesikolo ukufika abameli mveliso kunye mveliso iiseli Party. Bonke bephela ayexhasa inkxaso yogwayimbo. Noko ke, bekukwangelo abaxhasi bomzabalazo, yaye ezininzi iingxaki. Kwakungekho izixhobo ngokwaneleyo kwaye iqela nempembelelo kaNdikhoyo ekampini eMoscow buthathaka. Noko ke abathanda phakathi iiBolsheviks baba ngaphezu bavume. I Mensheviks, imini phambi kokuba uthathe isigqibo elingacacanga. Bona ayexhasa zokuqinisa phulo. Emva kokuqalisa kwimvukelo ngaphandle ubhukisho baye bathelela ugwayimbo.

Phakathi SRs ngemihla yokuqala kaDisemba baqhubeka imbambano khona. Abantu abatsha phakathi maximalists (Vladimir Mazurin njalo njalo. D.) wakhuthaza intshukumo kakhulu kwisigqibo. abalweli abanamava (uViktor Chernov kunye Evno Azef) wayekholelwa ukuba kwimvukelo akunakwenzeka. Ekugqibeleni, lo mbuso Social wagqiba ukwenza le meko kwaye silindele ukuba imitya lweziganeko. Ngelo xesha, Disemba abaxhobileyo kwimvukelo ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini ezayo.

strike

NgoDisemba 7, 1905 waqala isiganeko ephambili kaDisemba kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo. Ngale mini jikelele zezopolitiko ugwayimbo wabhengezwa eMoscow. Ekuqaleni, le ulwalathiso strike yabonelelwa yiKomiti yesiGqeba yeBhunga of yamaSekela Workers '. City, apho kuhlala abantu ngaphezu kwesigidi, waqala ukutshintsha phambi kwamehlo akho. Eyona inkulu kumashishini wayeka, bavingca ubonelelo ngombane, ezivaliweyo ezivenkileni, tram Walwela. Ngosuku lokuqala Muscovites usule yonke zokubala: akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zingaphi iza kuhlala malcontents inkcaso kunye nabasemagunyeni.

izikolo ezivaliweyo kunye zemiboniso, bayeka nokupapasha iphephandaba (ngaphandle intsimbi "Iinkqubo zeBhunga Moscow"). Asizange ukufika kunye noololiwe. Wenza umendo kuphela Petersburg - Moscow - abonelela ngayo amajoni. Ngokuhlwa isixeko elaqala ebumnyameni. IBhunga kwavalwa izibane ilize. Disemba 10 lwaphela isonka yokubhaka.

8 inani inani kubabethi eMoscow ifikelele uphawu 150 amawaka abantu (50 amawaka ngaphezu ngomhla wokuqala). Imeko phakathi komzi baba ngakumbi kunye noko amnye ebantwini ngakumbi. Ngokuhlwa, amapolisa bayeka amawaka amaninzi irali olululo egadini "Aquarium". Amagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba anikezele izixhobo zabo baza lokuvalela abantu. Uninzi yabaqhankqalazi basaba. Ngenxa yezenzo zamapolisa aluphumelelanga, azibhavumele abantu kuye kwakhula kuphela.

Disemba uvukelo waqala ukufumana kanye uhlobo sixhobe 9 inani ebusuku. Group Social Revolutionary ngemipu agqogqa isebe wokhuseleko, apho elise Gnezdnikovsky Lane. Abahlaseli baphosa iibhombu ezimbini. 3 amaxhoba ukuhlasela babe womuntu.

qala igazi

Ngu ngokuhlwa kuDisemba 9 Disemba uphakamo axhobileyo kukhokelele iziganeko ezintsha ezimangalisayo. On dragoons Square oyiNgcwele shot abaqhankqalazi abasebenzi (malunga kummandla igazi-efafazwe kwenye yeencwadi zakhe echazwe ngasentla ibekwe kumasipala Mxim Gorky). Ngothango yokuqala ukuvela Tverskaya Street. Benza Khawuleza, ukuze ukuvala amahashe endleleni, kwaqhubeka kangaka elide kakhulu. Kodwa ke kwacaca ukuba ugwayimbo yokuqala zoxolo ekugqibeleni ijikwe ibe kwimvukelo exhobileyo.

Ngokuhlwa efanayo nxamnye nabavukeli yayisetyenziswa kuqala zokudubula. Kwikomkhulu, ibekwe kwisikolo wokwenene Fiedler, kwakukho abantu abamalunga nama-500. imikhosi Pro-urhulumente eyirhawula isakhiwo yaye bafuna ukuba abaphulaphuli ukuba anikezele izixhobo zabo. Ezenze ukuba wanikwa el of ngeyure enye ubude. Emva kweli xesha, abagrogrisi udubule amajoni waza waluphosa iibhombu zabo. Eziphendulela, waqala neziqhushumbisi sabaleka esikolweni. kwabulawa abantu 5, elinye 15 bonzakala. Ebanjiwe baba 100 zabe. Bathunyelwa Butyrskaya entolongweni. Noko ke, inkoliso yabo babekho esikolweni wakwazi ukubaleka.

Ngothango ezitalatweni

EMoscow iye yaba kukutshintsha kuba ubusuku kuDisemba 10. Ngaphesheya isixeko waqala ukwakhiwa ngodonga yendalo. I Democrats Social balixhase eli phulo. IiBolsheviks kwaye Mensheviks, nokuba wakhupha umyalelo ngokubambisana Federal yeBhunga RSDLP. Uxwebhu ebizwa ngokuba ngokwakha ngothango ubambe irallie phambi yegumbi ukuze lizuze amajoni.

Iinqaba ezazakhiwe ungxamile, abaqhankqalazi zazisenziwa ngefowuni kwiipali, ndlu-isango, bagawula, amabhakethi, iibhokisi kunye nezithuba Announcement. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akaba zonke ngenxa ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela kubabethi emlilweni yotshaba. Kunjalo ngothango ndathintelwa nje ukukhuthazwa yimikhosi karhulumente umzi, kodwa kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke ngokwasengqondweni amagosa kunye namajoni, yenze uloyiko kuzo. Baye babonisa ukuba Disemba uphakamo abaxhobileyo eMoscow wayengenguye makangakhohlisi. Frozen, wire abanjwa, zama likhephu kwaye imanzi ngothango amanzi iba yokwenene qhwa.

Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, malunga 1500 of iinqaba ezahlukeneyo kwakhiwa. Kodwa kuphela kweshumi bambalwa kubo zakhiwa ziingcali abawazi intsimi yabo. Kwi-The Mass, Moscow ngothango omncinci ufana ekwakhiweni kwixesha revolution ka-1848 kunye Thethani e Paris (Kwaba ngoko kwaye ongumsunguli elithi "ngothango").

abavukeli kobunye

Uqhushululu e eMoscow wayesondele ngokwenene, kodwa yintoni izizathu ngokoyiswa kaDisemba kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo? impazamo abavukeli kukuba zange avele isicwangciso ngokucacileyo amanyathelo. Kwakukho lowo eyakhokela Moscow Disemba uphakamo bexhobile ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo eli gama. Emva amajoni wabatshabalalisa isikolo Fiedler, ulungelelwaniso zangaphakathi shwaka.

Ukususela kwimihla zokuqala sabavukeli inkcaso zalawula kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni aloo mzi, apho kwakukho mveliso njalo njalo. D. bekucingelwa ukuba abanqolobi ngcembe ukuya incwadi yesicelo, yaye bathimba oko, ukubeka intando yayo abasemagunyeni. E Simonova yokuhlala, e Presnya kwaye kwezinye iindawo kukho "republic". eneneni namandla kubo yaba nabavukeli. Oku "republic" esebenza ngokuzimeleyo omnye komnye. December 10 iBhunga leSixeko Moscow iye igunya ulawulo kumaqela yokulwa District Council njengoko uqhagamshelwano yayo ukuhlala ezidolophini komvuzo buthathaka kakhulu nokungaphumeleli kwawo.

"Stranglers" Revolution

kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqalisa kwimvukelo Moscow umlawuli-jikelele wamiselwa Vice Admiral Fyodor Dubasov. joni oneminyaka engama-60 ubudala waye waduma ebudeni bemfazwe Russian-Turkish ngo-1878-1879. Noko ke, emva kokuba nto igosa elo nkampani ephawulekayo ayizange ukuluvusa. Ngowe-1905, ekuqaleni kwe revolution, yena inxaxheba kule kwezithandani of Sasungulwa yokuvukela kwi kumaphondo ephakathi.

Governor General of Moscow Dubasov Nicholas II wamisa Bulelani ukusekelwa Sergeya Vitte. Ekuthatheni ofisi, emkhosini ubuthembisile bangafuni nokuba amanyathelo kakhulu ngqwabalala kwaye kakhulu kumzabalazo wokulwa revolution. Ngoko wenza ngo December 1905, babe isimntwiso labavukeli oyintloko tsarist yokusabela. Dubasov akazange kwahluka ububanzi kwezopolitiko yokucinga. Yena waba anti-Semite kwaye bakholwa ukuba revolution imibutho zamaYuda.

Le kwezithandani ka December kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo Moscow kwakuza kwenzeka ngaphandle iMoscow iRhuluneli Vladimir Dzhunkovsky. colonel oneminyaka engama-40 ubudala waba mkhosi le-Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, abasweleke ekuqaleni 1905 ngenxa yokuhlaselwa abanqolobi kwi-Red Square. Xa kuthelekiswa Dubasov kwakuba kakhulu ngakumbi bhetyebhetye umntu ezingenamandla. Ngexesha le mvukelo Dzhunkovsky abanamava iinzame eziliqela akuphumelelanga.

Inani kunye nendawo yokugcina abavukeli

Ababhali-mbali azinazo data ngqo ngendlela ezininzi abalweli axhobileyo kwakhokelela ezitratweni Pervoprestolnoj Disemba uphakamo axhobileyo eMoscow. Ngokufutshane, njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ekuqaleni yombhodamo inani Fighters enjalo 1,700. Xa kwincopho longquzulwano, eli nani lenyuka ukuya 8000. Xa nabo uncedo ifika eMoscow vigilantes sezixeko ipoma ka Kolomna, Mytischi, Perov, Lyubertsy.

ngabavukeli abaxhobileyo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amakhulu. Kwakukho "ekhethekileyo" squad: yamaBolshevik, SR, Menshevik, abaseAfrika, umfundi, yokuchwetheza, kaloliwe, njl abavukeli kwezikhali eyashiya ukuba oyifunayo - kuba imikhosi iimbumbulu karhulumente ngokuphawulekayo ophantsi ... Uninzi bavukeli baya kulwa pistols, afohlela kuzingela, shotgun edabini. Popular zaye antlangothi izixhobo kunye Ziyaqhubeka ngesandla, enabizwa "Makedonka".

ekuliwa abaninzi kabi indlu yayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amajoni zobungcali, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akazange benamava ngokwaneleyo. Kwakubon 'ukuba kukho kaDisemba kwabaxhobileyo mvukelo e Moscow, ngaphezu yokuluka njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo babafundisa maqabane lokudubula nezinye ezibalulekileyo kwezakhono. Noko ke, ukulungisa ezi zifundo abo bavukeli abazange babe nexesha.

Zemihla ngxabano

Ngemihla "ishushu" 10-19 we kaDisemba uphakamo bexhobile, ngamafutshane, oko umnqolobi zasezidolophini eqhelekileyo imfazwe. Yaba panorama motley, eziquka inani elikhulu ungamalungu. Izenzo omabini amacala ngokufuthi hlukile ingalawuleki kwaye ziyabhidisa, ezingenakulinganiswa kodwa kunokubangela ezafa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngemihla lokuqala kubemi eziqhelekileyo Moscow, ukuba unovelwano kwi okuvula, ngoko ke ubuncinane ukulondoloza cala azithanda. Noko ke, xa ungquzulwano waqalisa ukuba kwimali, abahlali abaninzi igazi odiniweyo ngokwemvelo.

December 10 iziganeko komntu senzeka kanye ndisembindini wesixeko. On Kalanchevskaia Square kunye Tverskaya Street, kwabakho Ubunzima. Igquba amawaka mveliso abasebenzi Trekhgornij entsha akhanywe Cossacks. Disemba 11-12, ukulwa twa kuso sonke isixeko. Moscow Disemba kuvukela sixhobe, wafika kwisigaba waqalwa. Ngokomyalelo Dubasov ngamanani-12 ziye ngokusemthethweni uphendlo naziphi ababemi sibambeke ezitalatweni emva kweeyure eziyi-18. I-episode nto iphawulekayo lo mhla alwe Pyatnitskaya esitratweni kufutshane Sytin sokuprinta (isakhiwo itshiswe emhlabeni).

Abemi bayalelwa ukuba sivale iingcango zezindlu ukuya mbuso ayikwazanga ukubaleka nokusukela. Abantu ukuze ezitratweni ngokuhlwa okanye ebusuku, wafumana omhle ukuya ku-3 amawaka engange, okanye wabanjwa iinyanga ezi-3. Abantu babulawe umonakalo imigca yocingo nangefowuni. Ngenxa yezi kunye namanye amanyathelo, abasemagunyeni bakwazi zokoyikisa townsfolk uvingce ukukhula ubunzima abahlali eMoscow abasusa.

Uninzi abalweli ezibe embindini iziganeko e Moscow, yaye kamva baba ngamagorha yokuduma karhulumente kwi leSoviet. Ngelo xesha kunye ngumbandela awucaci ngabom undilibele le SRs kunye Mensheviks. Noko ke, ngo-1905, azinikele iinjongo zakhe zabonisa ngabo bonke abachasi ubukhosi. KHUMBULA imimangaliso sobukhalipha kunye nabasetyhini. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho udade kunye nabasebenzi nomfazi, abafundi abangamantombazana kunye nabanye esikolo. Amantombazana aye uncedo elimele yokuqala, kwaye bathatha inxaxheba nokucwangciswa vigilantes amandla.

iziganeko Petersburg

NgoDisemba 13, le dolophu antywiliselwe ingxolo lomlilo zokudubula. Oku kuqhuba zivuthe kaDisemba uphakamo abaxhobileyo eMoscow. Ngokufutshane raportuya eSt Petersburg ngomhla ngemeko kwikomkhulu endala, Dubasov waqhubeka ukwandisa uxinzelelo abavukeli. Disemba 13 nokulwa kufuphi Prokhorov manufactory in Presnya. 14 no-15 le ngozi zange ayeke, kodwa oko xa kukho zokuqala ezibonisa ukuba amaqela badiniwe yemfazwe elithile. Le mvukelo waqala ukuphelelwa isantya kwaye ngoku wahlala yi inertia.

Nangona kwegazi kwenzeka e Moscow, ziyahlelwa ungquzulwano leyo isonjululwe eSt Petersburg. Kwikomkhulu, ukuba amalungiselelo uqhankqalazo, apho abantu 130.000 inxaxheba. Noko ke, eSt Petersburg iziganeko olululo ukuhla ngaphambi eMoscow. Ngenxa yoko, abahlali besixeko kwi Neva nako ukuxhasa abo bavukeli kwi kweTrone lokuqala.

Phambi imfazwe ekufikelelwa noko, ngenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni kwangaphambili eziqhutywa kwabanjwa mass of Social Democrats kunye Socialist-mbuso. Umthetho wokuqinisa amagosa bababamba koomasifundisane apho dynamite senziwa. Amapolisa afumana Ziyaqhubeka esele zenziwe phantse 500. Le yokugcina yonke eSt Petersburg kwaye ayisetyenziswanga. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokusilela wokuvukela ikomkhulu likaThixo ayiphumelelanga ngokwendalo kunye eMoscow Disemba kwimvukelo exhobileyo. A khefu emfutshane, inkundla wasebukhosini ngokwaneleyo ukuthumela i-15 Disemba kwisixeko ukusekelwa labavukeli. Ngelo xesha eMoscow wahlala amaziko amabini revolution - kaloliwe Kazan namnandi. Buyela bayidiliza kunye yi emkhosini.

Ekubulaleni Presnya

Xa iziko le-Disemba kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo eMoscow wayeselapho esikolweni Fiedler noqhankqalazo lafikelela etyhutyha ezinzulu kuphela, uNicholas II wenza zijike ezopolitiko. Ngokutsho nomthetho wakhe ngoDisemba 11, landa inani labavoti zabo iivoti uphose kunyulo kuRhulumente Duma (emva kuphuculo ilungelo lokuvota wafumana abasebenzi ezininzi kumashishini amancinane nalawo aphakathi). Ngelo xesha abantu babevunyelwa ukuba umlilo phezu abasasazi kunye iimbumbulu live.

Disemba 15 eMoscow ukusuka elikomkhulu Guards bake butho. Ngosuku olulandelayo Baqala utyando ukuze atshayele Presnya evela vigilantes. 21 kweziko yokugqibela yokunganyangeki lwapheliswa. Kusuku ngaphambi kokuba umkhosi usityumze imvukelo kwi Kazan Railway. Uninzi abavukeli adutyulwa ngaphandle kwetyala. Ubukrakra macala omabini nga amukela. Hamba wadubula emva nokubulawa eyenziwa ngaphandle kwetyala kunye yotshintsho olululo. amajoni karhulumente, zalungisa fresh, umphathi waya bake butho Georgy Ming nomunye webutho - Ladoga. Kweelana ngumvukeli wayesengxakini. Indlu nganye kufuneka ukuba athathwe yi yesaqhwithi. Umlilo imisinga Presnya December 17, wayisithelisa lonke eMoscow.

Army yaba liziko ukuxhathisa Prokhorovskaya Tryokhgornaya manufactory. Oku kuhlanganisana khona eseleyo maximalists eMoscow. Baye benza umgudu lomzobo "Bear." Ngoko ke abaxhasi ebizwa SR uMikhail Sokolov. Ekupheleni kwimvukelo Presnya sirhelele vanhu 200.

umphumela

Xa kufika ukusekelwa kwikomkhulu eMoscow, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ekugqibeleni woyiswa Disemba kwimvukelo exhobileyo. Umhla ukulwa End, owabakhoyo kunye phantse zonke mbali - 21 Disemba. Enye 15 ngowokuqala ukuba baye bagqiba ekubeni ayeke nokumelana Mensheviks. Ke wabiza kwi abalandeli bakhe ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo Socialist-mbuso kunye iiBolsheviks.

Union noogqirha awayesebenza esixekweni ngemihla umlo kakhulu, kuqikelelwa ukuba ungquzulwano kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kwe-1 amawaka kancinane. , Ibulala abantwana 86 kunye namabhinqa 137. Uninzi amaxhoba ingengomajoni kunye nabantu. Abantu ukulahlekela wababulala abantu 28, amapolisa - abantu 36.

Kungekudala emva kokuba kwezithandani yemvukelo nto iKrismesi. EMoscow bababamba zinani zehlobo. Uninzi abemi ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ezama ukulibala ngento ekwehleleyo uze ubuyele ebomini yomphakathi. Luba yaba yinxalenye yembali Disemba kwimvukelo exhobileyo. Ezibangela ingxabano kunye neziphumo wenza abaxhasi revolution buthathaka imisebenzi yabo. Olu qhankqalazo ingongoma incopho iziganeko ka 1905-1907. Oku kwalandelwa indlela yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, phakathi Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, kwiBolsheviks kunye Mensheviks, koko ngokwesiko, akukho ngquzulwano lwangaphakathi kunye ukufuna ukuba unetyala nya. abasemagunyeni abachasi babeqinisekile ukuba yonke le kumzabalazo ochasene ulawulo tsarist eziseza kwenzeka.

Yombhodamo kweli phondo

Nakuba nawuphi na uphawu kaDisemba kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo isekelwe iziganeko e Moscow, ngemihla ngedlela kwenzeka kwimiphetho kweli lizwe. Oku kwenzeka nkqu nangona ukuba akukho Democrats Social okanye Socialist-mbuso abanakukwazi ukuba balungelelanise intshukumo labavukeli liphela eRashiya. Xa iphondo eMoscow ukuchitha igazi obonwa ngu iingxelo iveze uchazo olulungisiweyo kumaphephandaba, abatyeleli okanye oonobumba zobuqu.

Kunjalo, lonke ilizwe ezinengxaki imvakalelo yamanyama sabasebenzi. Ngoko ke, iipokotho ezincinane yemvukelo yabonakala kwizixeko ezininzi zeli lizwe. NgoDisemba, imincili itshayelwe Rostov-on-Don, Sormovo, eKharkov, Novorossiysk, Donbass Gorlovka. I sikhulu kweli phondo apho le Disemba uphakamo inkunzi Motovilikha - kwilali mveliso kufuphi Perm.

Imiphumo iziganeko Disemba

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iziganeko eMoscow ngoDisemba 1905 kwanyanzeleka Nicholas II ukwenza ezinye iminyinyiva yezopolitiko. ukumelwa kwayo State Duma wafumana sabasebenzi kunye noohlohlesakhe. Abasebenzi owathetha ngokuchasene norhulumente, kuqala kwiinto zonke abalwe ngenxa yoncedo yokusebenza iimeko. Emva kwako yonke anda umvuzo kunye nemini lancipha iiyure ezili-10. Elalini amafama ukufeza ukupheliswa iintlawulo nokukhululwa ngentlawulelo ukuya benani.

Le mvukelo e Moscow kwakhona bawubona ubomi kwezopolitiko eRashiya. Kanye amakhowa emva kokuba imvula yaqala ukubonakala iqela. Ngomhla olwandulela revolution kwakukho malunga-35 mibutho ezinjalo. Emva asusa eMoscow kunye nezinye iziganeko ka-1905-1907. party ababalelwa kumakhulu. Kule angazange kumazwe Western ezikhulayo ngokukhawuleza ukuthandwa ultra -: .. The iiBolsheviks, Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, njl baba phambili kwimvukelo yaye yaphinda yathandwa ngcembe izangqa ebanzi uyazazi.