Iminyaka le Renaissance. iimpawu Jikelele Renaissance

ixesha Epochal kwimbali inkcubeko yehlabathi, leyo ngaphambi mihla yaye zathathelwa indawo kumaXesha Aphakathi, wamnika igama Renaissance, okanye mvuselelo. Imbali Era iya emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 e-Italy. kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ingachazwa njengoko ixesha ukuyilwa entsha, abantu kunye imbono komhlaba ehlabathini, leyo inikeze wempangelo. iingcamango Progressive ezibonakaliswe zobuntu.

Iminyaka le Renaissance nembono

Beka isakhelo ixesha elithile kunzima ngokwaneleyo kule meko kwimbali inkcubeko yehlabathi. Oku kuchazwe yi kukuba ngexesha Renaissance, onke amazwe aseYurophu abazibandakanyileyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Abanye ngaphambili, ezinye kamva, ngenxa ukuqhwalela kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho. Imihla Uthelekelelo ekunokuthiwa ekuqaleni 14 kunye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Iminyaka le Renaissance luphawulwa ngamazwi yohlobo yehlabathi kwezenkcubeko humanization yayo, nokugqama umdla ngamakhoboka. Xa kunjalo, ngokuzenzekelayo, wayanyaniswe igama eli thuba. Kukho imvuselelo inkcubeko yamandulo, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwihlabathi yaseYurophu.

iimpawu Jikelele Renaissance

Esi sisiganeko ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko yabantu yaba sisiphumo utshintsho kuluntu yaseYurophu kunye nobudlelwane kulo. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa kukuwa yoBukhosi baseByzantium, xa abemi bayo abaninzi babalekela endle eYurophu, bezise nayo kwithala leencwadi, imisebenzi yobugcisa, iintlobo zemithombo yamandulo, ngaphambili engaziwayo. Ukwandisa inani lemizi kukhokelele ekomelezeni yempembelelo kweeklasi eziqhelekileyo amagcisa, abarhwebi, zasebhange. Ngenkuthalo yaqala ukuvela amaziko ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nenzululwazi, imisebenzi apho ibandla engasekho ilawulwa.

Iminyaka yokuqala Renaissance wenza ukubala ukuhlasela eItali, kuba le ntshukumo kwaqala kweli lizwe. imiqondiso yokuqala yaba ibonakale kwiinkulungwane 13-14, kodwa ngamandla ukuba wathabatha kwinkulungwane ye-15 (kunyaka-20), ukuya kuphuhliso ngokuxhomekeke ukuya ekupheleni kwayo. Kwi Renaissance (okanye babuyiselwe) yahlulwe izihlandlo ezine. Makhe sithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Protorenessans

Eli xesha malunga malunga kwisiqingatha sesibini kwiinkulungwane 13-14. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba yonke imihla ezinxulumene Italy. Enyanisweni, eli xesha lumele kwisigaba samalungiselelo le Renaissance. It ngokwemibandela lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amabini: ngaphambi nasemva kokufa kwakhe (1137) Giotto di Bondone (imikrolo sasifanekisela), umuntu osemqoka kwimbali Western zobugcisa, ngokomakhi kunye igcisa.

Le minyaka yokugqibela Renaissance kwexesha enxulumene bhubhani isifo wamxabela Italy kunye lonke elaseYurophu xa iyonke. Protorenessans enxulumene ngokusondeleyo kumaXesha Aphakathi, Gothic, Romanesque, izithethe baseByzantium. Lo mzobo engundoqo ithathwa ngokuba yi Giotto, ngubani wachaza iintsingiselo eziphambili yokudweba, wachaza indlela apho uphuhliso yayo uye phambili.

Ngexesha bokuqala Renaissance

Ngexesha wathabatha iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo. Ixesha zokuqala Renaissance, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo kwiminyaka embalwa kakhulu ngeendlela ezimbini, kwenzeka ngo-1420-1500 gg. Art na bazilahle ngokupheleleyo izithethe kumaxesha aphakathi, kodwa ngokubonakalayo kongeza izinto abolekwe ezizukulwaneni zoqobo. Kanye phezu ukunyuka unyaka emva konyaka phantsi kwempembelelo yokutshintsha imeko-bume yentlalo, kukho ukusilela epheleleyo ngegcisa elinye kulawo endala kunye lenguqu ukuya zobugcisa yamandulo njengoko ingqiqo engundoqo.

Lo ngukhokho ixesha zokuqala Renaissance ithathwa ukuba opeyintayo Masaccio, owayevela eFlorence. Ukuchola iingcamango ababengaphambi kwakhe, yena ubaphethe kumsebenzi wakhe iimilo phantse uvalo oqingqiweyo kwi ngelaphu.

High Period Renaissance

Yeyona encotsheni, kwincopho Renaissance. Kweli nqanaba le Renaissance (iminyaka 1500-1527) ifikelele incopho yawo, kwaye iziko yempembelelo zobugcisa Italian liyagungqa uFlorence ukuya eRoma. Kwathi ngokunxibelelene Ukuvuma itrone kapopu kaJulius II, owaba obuqhubekayo kakhulu, ubuhle ngqindilili, wayeyindoda zangena kunye namabhongo. Yena wasondela emzini obungunaphakade artists zibhetele abakroli kulo lonke Italy. Yaba ngeli xesha ama-Anaki yokuveliswa Renaissance wadala yobuciko zabo, apho ihlabathi lonke bayazithanda namhlanje.

Late Renaissance

Iquka ixesha ukususela 1530 ukuya kwiminyaka 1590-1620. Uphuhliso inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa kweli xesha owahlukeneyo kwaye zahlukeneyo ukuba nkqu mbali musa anciphise ukuba zifana. Ngokutsho izazinzulu British Renaissance ekugqibeleni kucinywa ngexesha ebekukho ukuwa eRoma, oko kukuthi ngowe-1527. Southern Europe elaqala kwi-Counter-koHlaziyo, nto leyo iye yabeka "umnqamlezo" nakweyiphi na ifilosofi, kuquka ukuvusa izithethe zamandulo.

Intlekele eyehlele i-izimvo kunye kuphikisana akujonga ngenxa e Florence neziphumo banomkhwa. Style eziziimpawu artificiality nokungavisisani, ukulahlekelwa ulungelelwano phakathi semvelo icandelo engqondweni nasemzimbeni Renaissance. Umzekelo, eVenice yokuba kukho indlela yophuhliso lide ekupheleni 1570s kuquka iinkosi ezifana titian kunye Palladio. Umsebenzi wabo ukuhlala kude ntlekele, uphawu vutshila eRoma Florence. Le photo Isinikezeli titian "Isabella of Portugal."

Le iinkosi omkhulu Renaissance

omkhulu Italian Three - oko Titans le Renaissance, i yayo exabisa nesithsaba:

1. ULeonardo da Vinci. Personality kwimbali yoluntu brilliant ngokwenene yaye ezizodwa. Wayengenguye nje opeyintayo enkulu nomkroli, kodwa kananjalo ingcali yenzululwazi, semvelo, umsunguli, umbhali kunye lokwakha. Ababephila njengoko ngaphezulu iyaziwa ukuba imifanekiso embalwa, kuquka edume Mona Lisa Mona Lisa (kwifoto), lo imfihlakalo ukuba izazinzulu musa ukubetha ngenkulungwane yokuqala.
2. UMichelangelo Buonarroti. Iminyaka yobomi kunye nobuchule - 1475-1564. Kuqala kwinto zonke, waziwa ngokuba nomkroli kunye opeyintayo. Ke lokuqala ubuso bayo kakhulu iqapheleka kakhulu kwaye iboniswa nkqu imizobo. msebenzi wakhe uphambili wayeseRoma no Florence. Ubungqondi kaMichelangelo abonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo xa ukupeyinta Sistine Chapel, nto leyo ebonakalisa ukuba ibali yebhayibhile, kwaye libonisa amaqhosha 300, yaye akukho ufana komnye. Kwaye ngomfanekiso "Umgwebo Wokugqibela", lomculo isikweri Capitol, lwesakhiwo kweBhunga Vatican, oqingqiweyo kaDavide, ubume "Pieta" (eliboniswe ngasentla) kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.
3. Rafael Santi. Enye ubuntu kuyamangalisa le Renaissance. Utitshala wakhe P.Perudzhino uyise, a inkosi. Yilaa isimbo sakhe bubonakala ngokucacileyo imisebenzi kwixesha lokuqala. Eyona ogqibeleleyo umsebenzi wakhe ithathwa ukuba i Sistine Madonna (umfanekiso).

Zonke iimveliso zabo - oku eyona ityetyisiweyo neeperile abangabona art hlabathi, bahlanganisana Renaissance. kudlule iminyaka, indawo kwenkulungwane, kodwa imisebenzi yeenkosi ezinkulu - ngaphandle kwexesha.