Biography Puankare Anri. Mbono Anri Puankare

Jules-Anri Puankare - sisazinzulu brilliant, inkangeleko ebanzi yomsebenzi apho kwaphawula indima enkulu ezininzi iinkalo physics, kwimathematika ubucukubhede. Le ndoda yaba ngunozala iindlela esemgangathweni ithopholoji kunye nethiyori ye umehluko zibalo, wadala sisiseko kwengcamango uzinzo sentshukumo. "Inzululwazi engekaqinisekiswa" Anri Puankare - umsebenzi, nto leyo eye yaba Classic, Zezokungxokwa iintsingiselo bonke abafundi iiyunivesithi zobugcisa.

isayensi

Inqaku Poincare elide phambi kokuba amaphepha Einstein kukho amagama izibonelelo ezingundoqo ngobhalo ka. Umzekelo, umgaqo kwezinto, lo kwezinto ngayo ingqiqo simultaneity, ikloko ungqamaniso ziimpawu ukukhanya, Lorentz, akatshintshi isivamvo sokukhanya, efanayo ezi zibalo Maxwell, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Puankare Anri yaqulunqa indlela parameter ezincinane wasisebenzisa neengxaki ukukhanda yasezulwini, naye wayefunda ngokuzimeleyo Classic ngxaki umzimba ezintathu. Nditsho bulumko waba nako ukwenza indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo, ebizwa conventionalism.

ebuntwaneni

Kwazalelwa-nzulu kakhulu Lorraine e Nancy eFransi Aprili 29, 1854. Uyise - Leon Puankare - ngelo xesha Ndandisemncinci kakhulu, kodwa sele kakuhle, owayesaziwa esixekweni ezingqongileyo kummandla ngugqirha yokuba yena izifundo elebhu ndixakekile emandiyenze kwi-Medical Faculty of the University. Unina - Eugenia - ukukhulisa abantwana. Le ntombazana ayisoze kubangela inkxalabo kangangoko iJules-Anri Puankare kancinane: phithi bakhe baba kaHomer.

Umama wayengazi ukuba le ngxaki ucebisa ukuba umntu azalwa anikwe njenge iingcinga ezinzulu yangaphakathi nomsindo ngokupheleleyo abakuso. Ukongeza, emva kokuba ukubola komqala Anri Puankare wafumana umgangatho omtsha - enxulumene zezikhamiso izandi kunye imibala ethile. Ngamanye amaxesha abantwana (ingakumbi osisidenge, ngemvelo) unalo olu phawu. Anri Puankare waligcina eli khono ubomi.

imfundo ekhaya

Yena ozibandakanye usana umphengululi lokwenene umntu semfundo ngokubanzi, umntu ozelwe ngutitshala - Alphonse Gintselin. Ukongeza imithetho yegrama, imbali, ngokwemimandla nangeendlela eziphilayo inkwenkwe ngokukhawuleza kakuhle yonke imisebenzi ezine yokalo emileyo yaye baba lula ukubala engqondweni yakho. imisebenzi utitshala akazange bahambe, musa ukubhala nto, ngoko inkumbulo sele emihle ekuva umntwana sibi kakhulu yaye ziyaqiniswa. Ngendlela, ukuba ngundaba-graphic obafunyanwa akhe akazange nje, incwadi ukungahoywa sizingise. It waya indlela thabatha.

lyceum

Ootitshala nansiyskom Lyceum nemihlali ukuba bafunde umfundi ukuze ukwazi kwaye akhuthale njengoko Puankare Anri. Got a uqeqesho kakuhle ekhaya, ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukufunda kwibakala yesibini. izincoko emihle kwathiwa, arithmetic, naye, kwaba lula, kodwa uthando olukhethekileyo kuye, yena akakafiki ngayo.

kwiminyaka nje embalwa kamva Puankare Anri unina Umbalisi zifune nonyana wakhe baprofeta elizayo enkulu zezibalo. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, lo mfana waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwisebe iincwadi ngokuthi ubrawuza Latin kunye ezakudala yamandulo. Ekhululekile imfundo yobugcisa kwi-nzulu enkulu iminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu waba ngaphezu ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha kwakukho iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kakhulu kubomi kuphela France kodwa ke lonke Europe: iMfazwe Franco-Prussia kunye eParis Thethani.

eyunivesithi

Kabini ukuba i BA (Arts uLwimi Sciences), Puankare Anri waqalisa ukufunda imathematika ezinesiqalelo - ngoku ngokwenene ngenzondelelo. Nejiyometri, kunye sezibalo ukuxhomekeka kolungiso - konke oku sverhseroznaya ezincwadini zesayensi ifana izimuncumuncu, yena ngokoqobo sidla yonke line imibhalo Rouche kaThixo, Bertrand, Sala, Duhamel kuye. izibalo nezakhiwo yena Ngoko ndafunda kulo nyaka.

Ecole polytechnique

Ukuze isebenze kurhulumente okanye umkhosi kwindawo entle zobugcisa, Puankare Anri waba umfundi Ecole Polytechnique, apho, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, wayengophambili phakathi abafundi bokuqala phantse zonke izifundo. Akazange uphumelele umzobo, sketching, kunye nemicimbi emkhosini.

Xa imizobo yakhe, umzekelo, kwakungekho ngaxeshanye okanye ziyahlangana, apho bekufanele ukuba, okanye nje imigca ethe ngqo. Kodwa physics, chemistry kunye nezibalo, akomelela kangangokuba oontanga bakhe azafunyanwa. Emva kokuphumelela Ecole Polytechnique elizayo Isazinzulu enkulu waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe Mountain, esele wathabatha nzulu ngeenjongo zophando lokwenene.

school of Mines

Iingcamango wafuna wafumana indlela yokuphuma zezinto bakhe izifundo zakhe kwi-School of Mines, kwiminyaka embalwa iza kuba sisiseko ithisisi zobugqirha. Konke oko akazange malingabi nanceba imathematika, uye wayeka ukuba umdla, ngaphandle mineralogy enye kuphela. Yaye nkqu mineralogy kunye necandelo yayo crystallography. Ngokuba yonke wayesazi ngexesha Anri Puankare kwinzululwazi, loach vilos ngeenxa kwithiyori amaqela, apho yeefom ze eziqinileyo plus crystallography - enye iingongoma eziphambili isicelo sale isebe yemathematika, lo gama phantse abstract. Ngoko ke ebhaliweyo ithisisi. Uye ifumene amawonga ezininzi ukusuka oonjingalwazi kunye izazinzulu. thesis usinike ilungelo lokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi, ngaphezu umphengululi omkhulu waza wathabatha ixesha eminye kwi ukwabiwa Vesoul kwimigodi. Ngowe-1979, Anri Puankare University, bafika e-Cannes ukufundisa uhlalutyo mathematical.

kuthathwe 1881

Ngowe-1881, i-zobunzululwazi phephancwadi onegunya French wapapasha inqaku kwimisebenzi Poincare Fuchsian, nto leyo impumelelo nenzululwazi nemathematika. Kule minyaka mibini izayo, bekukho ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu amanqaku. zezibalo baseYurophu baqalisa esweni ngokusondeleyo onke amanyathelo ale izikhanyiso ezintsha zemathematika.

imisebenzi Fuchsian zanikezelwa kwenye manqaku ezintlanu, iyileyo yaba kwafunyaniswa yokwenene zesayensi. Ngaphandle kokuba singene nzulu kakhulu kwi izibalo ngo-1881 ngu Jules-Anri Puankare kwafuneka ixesha ukuyithanda, ukutshata kunye nesihamba kunye nentsapho yakhe eNormandy eParis ukuqalisa ukufundisa eyunivesithi.

Paris

Xa eyunivesithi ikomkhulu likaThixo izazinzulu abatsha izifundo ezine eziphambili lwenziwa ngokuphathelele umehluko zibalo, ezigoso ebalulekileyo ngamanqaku zabo isinye imijikelo umda, emele isebe elitsha imathematika njengendlela inzululwazi. Puankare Anri ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kunyulwa akubhala zibonakele textbooks, ukuba zihlale phezu umxakatho yethu ayizange, ngenxa yokuba iindlela ezisemgangathweni theory quadratic diffentsialnyh kude kungabikho namnye wenza. Lo maleko ngokwesiseko entsha wemathematika ofunwa ukuqhubela phambili: iindlela parameter encinane kwithiyori invariants efunekayo, yaye imfundiso nozinzo umehluko zibalo kwi parameters ezincinane kunye neemeko ekuqaleni.

Sele 1886, Anri Puankare waba yintloko yesebe of physics zemathematika theory okuba kwi kwiYunivesithi yase Paris, yaye ngowe-1887 wonyulwa lilungu French Academy of Sciences. Ivula walandela ezifunyaniswe: kwithiyori imisebenzi automorphic, ithopholoji combinatorial, ezohlukileyo geometry, ithopholoji aljibra, ithiyori ngokuqinisekileyo, uhlalutyo functional , kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi onokwazi akusekho imfihlakalo Puankare Anri.

yemvelo

Iingoma ezipholileyo-ntathu of physics buboniswe e-worldwork theory lwamaza andise (diffraction), ingxaki ubushushu Uhanjiso, ingcamango izakhono, ingqiqo umgaqo ka Dirichlet - oku konke oko uphando, kuvumelekile kwaye likugqinile sisazinzulu okuqaqambileyo kwixesha elifutshane kakhulu ixesha. Esengumntwana, ebebukele spellbound ezinzulwini inkwenkwezi ebusuku, yaye ngoku abadala Poincare wayesazi ukuba imizimba yasezulwini kuphela ukunika ukukhanya ukuba abantu abakwazi ukubona iliso ongowenyama, kodwa ke omnye, ezifihlakeleyo, ecacisa ingqondo. "Inzululwazi engekaqinisekiswa" Anri Puankare - msebenzi, eliphalala ukukhanya kwimiba emininzi ngokuphathelele imbono abantu iziganeko zenzululwazi.

Ngowe-1889, wafumana ibhaso ngamazwe ngomsebenzi wakhe "ubucukubhede yasezulwini", nokwakheka umzimba ezintathu-, sisaci apho wakhonza umtya lwemibongo yamandulo Latin: Nunquam praescriptos transibunt sidera izohlwayo - "Musa ukudlula imida emiselweyo yehlabathi." ukufunda ngakumbi kule ndawo neziphumo ama umqulu ezintathu-"iindlela ezintsha ukukhanda zesibhakabhaka", waba ezaziwa zophando lwezenzululwazi, hayi kuphela astronomi ubucukubhede, kodwa ukukhanda quantum zemvelo manani. Ngenxa yoko, uNjingalwazi Puankare Anri kwi Sorbonne, wamenywa ukuba intloko isebe ubucukubhede zesibhakabhaka apho, yaye wavuma. wegqitha ngathi imini enye iminyaka elishumi ukufunda le ngcamango amathuba kunye physics mathematical e Paris.

bade

Sebenza Puankare Anri "Science and ingcamango" yapapashwa ngo-1902 waza wabiza kwizangqa zenzululwazi livakale ebalulekileyo, ukususela Scientist wabhala, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, umbono ukuba akukho epheleleyo nantoni - kungabi space okanye kwexesha, abantu va nentshukumo kakhulu, ngoxa babezizwa ezahlukeneyo. Designated kuphela iinyaniso umyalelo ngoomatshini, nabo ngaphandle-Euclidean non geometry asikwazi kuthathwe lwezesayensi.

Ngexesha ebomini Poincaré ezikhuphile zonke iintlobo izihloko, amabhaso amabhaso, njengokubizwe emva Paris Institute of Mathematics kunye mngxuma elikhulu (mnyama) ecaleni inyanga.