Vera Figner: biography kunye nezibakala umdla ebomini

Ityala i-Russian Revolution, Isimanga, ehambelana feminization ngokukhawuleza yabafazi. Ngakumbi nangakumbi amantombazana kwi-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20 ulicekisile indima yomfazi kunye nonina waza waziphosa umzabalazo esebenzayo, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa amalungelo abo, kodwa ngokubanzi amalungelo oluntu. Elinye ilungu aqaqambe le intshukumo olululo ekujikeni kwenkulungwane yaba Figner ukuba wangena ukukholelwa kwimbali yemini yokulungiselela kumzamo ebhegini kwi noMlawuli Alexander II.

imvelaphi

Figner eyaziwa revolutionist UVera, njengoko kuqhele vodilos kwi intshukumo abanazo revolution, yaba imvelaphi amanene. Xa ibali lobomi bakhe, yena wabhala eMoscow ngo-1926, xa eqiniseka kakhulu mbuso, landibonisa ukuba uAleksandr Aleksandrovich Figner, utatomkhulu wakhe zooyise, igosa lakomkhulu of Livonia (yanamhlanje-Baltic). Ngowe-1828, xa udidi uLieutenant, wabelwa zasebukhosini kwiphondo Kazan.

Abanini nabo kwicala koomama. Umkhulu Vera Nikolaevna, Hristofor Petrovich Kupriyanov, kubanini amakhulu, waba ababekulo ngumgwebi. Anakho umhlaba okwilizwe kunye kwiphondo Tetyushinskom Ufa. Kodwa ubutyebi bakhe baba iilali 400 kuphela Hristoforovka isishumi, leyo wemka, unina walo. Uyise uNikolay Aleksandrovich Figner, ngo-1847 umhlala olingana nenduna.

ebuntwaneni

Vera Figner ngokwayo wazalwa ngo-1852 kwiphondo Kazan. Usapho waba nabantwana abahlanu: udade likaLidiya, Eugenia, no-Olga, bazalwana Nicholas noPetros. Ukukhumbula abazali bakhe, kwabagrogrisi elizayo wabhala ukuba ahluke ngokupheleleyo sawo, kodwa ngaxeshanye ehlokomayo womelele unothanda, ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi engakholelekiyo. Ezi mpawu, yena uthi, wamiliselwa ngendlela enye okanye omnye bonke abantwana, nganye mhlawumbi ngenxa yokukhuliswa ngqwabalala ushiye uphawu yayo kwimbali.

Vera Figner, engobomi ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kwincwadi yakhe "Lo msebenzi Kwavingcelwa", wabhala ukuba ebuntwaneni wakhe yanakanwa ubuntu umntwana, yaye kwakungekho nomini phakathi kwabazali nabantwana. Olu qeqesho lusekelwe ingqeqesho ingqongqo, wabethelela imikhwa Spartan. Ngaphezu koko, baye abazalwana, nesohlwayo emzimbeni. Kuphela umhlobo osenyongweni ngokuba abantwana umongikazi babo endala Natalia Makarievna. Ukanti Vera Figner uthi ukuba intsapho zange waba nenqala, akukho inhlamba kufuneka weva, "kwaye oko akukho nkohliso kuye." Ngenxa inkonzo nosapho lukayise, wayehlala kwilali yaye ndayihluthwa iindibano yobomi ezidolophini, ngoko ke, uthi noVera, "yaye asazi naluphi na uhanahaniso okanye ukuhleba kunye Ihlazo".

ulutsha

Ngenxa okanye nangona, kodwa inzala usapho weza, njengoko bathi, ebantwini: UPetros waba injineli lwemigodi enkulu, UNikolai - edumileyo opera. Kodwa ke oodade, bonke bobathathu bazinikela kumzabalazo yotshintsho olululo.

Kwaye Figner Vera Nikolaevna, engobomi elifutshane imelwe uphando lwethu, kwakhona wazinikela eliqaqambileyo revolution.

Childhood yaphela xa intombazana uthathwe e Kazan Rodionovskaya Institute for Noble eziNtombini. Imfundo esekelwe nemfundiso yonqulo, leyo uVera wahlala akanankathalo, ukuya nzulu akekho. Uqeqesho yathatha iminyaka emithandathu, apho waya ekhaya intombazana leeholide izihlandlo ezine kuphela.

Emva kokuphumelela Vera Figner wabuyela ekhaya elalini. Njengoko yena wabhala entlango ke baya kuphela Malume Peter Kupriyanov, owayeyazi iingcamango Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov kunye Pisarev, kwakunye imfundiso utilitarianism, Wawuzalise waye kunye intombazana. omaziyo ngqo kunye nabalimi akabanga ubomi benene leyinene, ukuba yintetho Wayenyanisile, idlule, okwaba nomthelela abazana yakhe ngobomi kunye nabantu.

impembelelo yangaphandle

Ekumazini lokuqala uncwadi kakhulu kwi Figner wayeneminyaka eli-13 ubudala xa umalume wakhe Kupriyanov bavunyelwe ukuthatha naye ukuba yenze lowu yokufayilisha yonyaka "igama Russian." Noko ke, ndafunda khona imisebenzi kuye kube nafuthe intombazana. Le yokufunda kwiziko wawuvaliwe, yaye incwadi wamnika unina ababekolo uncwadi kunye nefuthe ubuhule ngaphezu ekukhuleni. ubuntatheli ezinkulu angawi ezandleni zakhe de kube lixesha elithile.

Umbono wokuqala senziwa inoveli yakhe "Omnye njengegorha," Spielhagen. Isimanga, kodwa incwadi ebalulekileyo ngokwabo Vera Figner wabhiyozela ezilungileyo. Nangona ukuzibophelela akekho, wafumanisa encwadini yobomi yayo imigaqo ekhokelwa ubomi bakhe bonke. Ngokukodwa, ngokupheleleyo yaye wena kwakhona abanyulwa usukelo. umbongo "Sasa" Nekrasov, nto leyo mabafundiswe ukuba bazahlule ilizwi elivela kunjalo, yagqitywa ukwakhiwa isiseko zeentanda-bulumko ekuguqukeni elizayo.

umshado

Umnqweno ukuba luncedo ukuzisa ulonwabo kangangoko nani liphezulu labantu enengqondo kwakhokelela ekubeni kumnqweno wakhe ukufunda zikaAesculapius. Wagqiba kwelokuba afunde amayeza e-Switzerland. Kodwa ukuze afezekisise eli injongo kwaba kuphela ngo-1870, emva kokuba watshata umphandi oselula Alekseya Viktorovicha Filippova. Ukuva imini enye, nendlela ekuyiyo ke imibuzo we omrhanelayo kwaye wabona eli nyala, bacenga umyeni wakhe ukuba lo msebenzi uye naye ukufumana isidanga zonyango kwi-University yase Zurich.

Ukufika kwelinye Figner Vera Nikolaevna wadibana okokuqala waza wangena iingcamango iSocialism, esi sithethe kunye nentshukumo lwabantu. Ukukhetha yotshintsho yali lwaqalisa imagi yotyelelo "Fritzsche" e Zurich, apho wadibana kunye French wobusoshiyali Cabet, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Lui Blanom, Proudhon. Njengoko sibonile, khetha ecaleni revolution ukuba iphefumlelwe nto kangako ingqiqo omkhulu yobulungisa, njengoko 'inkohlakalo ludidi sigqibo ukucinezela mbuso. "

Buyela ku Russia

Ngowe-1875 weza eRashiya, "Fritsch" amalungu elo qela ngenxa ukukhuthazwa izimvo yali phakathi kwabasebenzi, babanjwa. Emva kokufumana umnxeba ovela namakholwane akhe, ukuba bahlaziye unxibelelwano olululo eRashiya, Vera Figner - ngobomi ngokufutshane uchukumisa iimvakalelo zakhe yaye amathandabuzo kule score - wanyanzelwa ukuba ushiye uqeqesho eyunivesithi abuyele ekhaya. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba edibene yokuba kuphosa nto gabhu, kodwa wayesoloko ecinga ukuba ubugwala. ERashiya, solo wadlula uviwo ngenxa paramedic. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu sitshatile, yena umtshato nomyeni wakhe, oneenkolelo ezingafaniyo revolution yakhe yinzondelelo, waya eSt Petersburg.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-70s ngenkulungwane ye-19 baqalisa ukwakha iziko elitsha revolution wamzalela kabani inkqubo ayikho nje romanticism mbuso, kodwa inyathelo. Ngokukodwa, ukulwa yokwenene kunye norhulumente. Ngoko okwesihlandlo sokuqala siye wathetha ukusetyenziswa dynamite ekulweni.

Ngowe-1878 wakhalisa shot yokuqala revolution abatshintsha bejonge kwesi intshukumo eRashiya. E St. Petersburg usodolophu Trepov isebenzile Vera Zasulich. Yaba revenge for ukohlwaywa ngokubethwa, nto leyo wehlelwa ilahla yezopolitiko into singesuki phambi abaphathi cap. Emva koko, lonke elo lizwe ziye ukuziphindezela lunkwantyo.

Ukudalwa "Narodnaya Volya"

Vera Figner nangona ezingafakwanga ngqo ukuhamba "Land and Freedom", nangona kunjalo iingcamango abakufutshane kwaye isangqa "separatists 'zabo elizimeleyo yakhe. Yena inxaxheba yenkongolo lombutho kwi Voronezh. Noko ke, njengokuba yena wabhala, kwi-Congress ukuya koko bungayelelani. Ukuhlehla ebilisiweyo phantsi ukuze baqhubeke nemfundo olululo emaphandleni kwaye ngaxeshanye ukulwa kunye norhulumente. Urhwebo-off, njengesiqhelo, kwakhokelela ekubeni intshukumo yahlukana. Abo bacinga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukulwa urhulumente ngokusebenzayo yaye wabona umsebenzi wakhe ukubhukuqa lobuzwilakhe, bemanyene Party "Narodnaya Volya". Vera Figner wangena iKomiti wayo Executive.

Amalungu iqela ezintsha ngamandla kakhulu. Amalungu aliqela lombutho owalungisa dynamite, kunye nabanye iphuhlise isicwangciso isandla uMlawuli Alexander II. Vera Figner, photo isixelela isohlwayo kunye intombazana eziqinileyo, kodwa kungekhona abagrogrisi, ubesoloko ethatha inxaxheba kumalungiselelo ukuhlasela e Odessa-1880 kwaye eSt Petersburg ngowe-1881. Ekuqaleni, zenxaxheba kuhlelwe, kodwa, njengokuba yena wabhala: "Iinyembezi zam yadamba namaqabane akhe," waza wathabatha inxaxheba kuhlaselo yakhe yokuqala abanqolobi.

Le isigwebo sentambo kwi-balance

Zonke lombutho yawa ezandleni uphando ngo-1883. Ukholo ebanjwe kwiinyanga 20 inqaba bodwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke wazama waza wagwetyelwa ukufa, oko indawo kunye nzima ongunaphakade. In Schlusselburg wachitha iminyaka emashumi mabini. Ngowe-1904, yena wathunyelwa ukuba iNgelosi, ngoko kwiphondo Kazan. Emva kokuba ukudluliselwa Nizhny Novgorod, yena wavunyelwa ukuba ushiye eRashiya, yaye ngo-1906 Waya ukunyanga luvo aphesheya.

Ekhaya, yena wabuyela kuphela ngo-1915, wonyulwa ukuba iNdibano neqela , emva kokuba Februwari Revolution. Kodwa ke October Revolution akazange athathe, yaye ilungu Communist Party akazange abe. Ngowe-1932, unyaka wakhe wokuzalwa wamakhulu, yapapashwa imisebenzi epheleleyo imiqulu ezisixhenxe, eyaba main íOpus wayo - i inoveli "Umsebenzi Kwavingcelwa" lwentshukumo Russian yotshintsho olululo.