Dlulisa isebe abambaxa ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow (umhla)

Dlulisa isebe abambaxa ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow - inyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso karhulumente Russian kunye nokuvela eMoscow. Indawo esikuyo unique, impembelelo ekhulayo ye ubulawuli eMoscow kumntla-mpuma uthi connecting umgaqo-nkqubo Moscow abathetheli ngokukhawuleza wenza eMoscow iziko elitsha kwamandla Russian.

IMVELAPHI lisendaweni

Kronike ezibhaliweyo emva kokufa Andreya Bogolyubskogo, ukukhankanywa eMoscow, njengoko umzi apho ahlala Muscovites - abemi eMoscow. igama leso sixeko ifumaneka encwadini yeembali iziganeko ezininzi yamajoni ixesha. EMoscow uye kwindawo kwimephu apho abahlobo ihlangabezane kwaye zibonisa Ukuhlasela iintshaba. Kwidolophana ngokukhawuleza isiba isixeko ezizodwa ubukumkani lobuqu kutshanje. Dlulisa isebe abambaxa ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow akuyi kwenzeka ukuba phakathi kwinkulungwane elinesine, le yokugqibela akazange abe ubungakanani eziyimfuneko kunye nempembelelo.

Formation lweziko entsha Orthodox

Ivan Kalita wenza iziko adumileyo Moscow, hayi nje ubomi yezopolitiko kodwa zonqulo. Ngaphambi koko, eli ziko yonqulo indawo yokuhlala esisigxina abaMbhaxa Vladimir waba phezu Klyazma. Esi sicatshulwa kwexesha kunye eqondisa rhoqo phakathi eneenkani onopopi abathetheli Tatar kunye lyudom yabo nemvukelo kwanciphisa ukubaluleka Vladimir. Kwaliwa ngokuba ubume beziko Russian Orthodox kwaqhambuka phakathi eMoscow nembangi obungunaphakade - lwaseTibheriya.

Umzabalazo for the Metropolitan

Kudluliselwe evela kwiSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir, kukhatshwa umzabalazo ekrakra phakathi eMoscow yaseTver. Abathetheli ilizwe ayefuna wafuna ukukholisa Tatar khan, uzama ukweyisela Mongols-onamandla onke kwicala labo. Ngelo xesha, omnye indela yoonongendi yaseTver eConstantinople wabhala isikhalazo kwi- Metropolitan uPetros. izibakala moni (ukwabiwa ofisi zecawa) babekhankanywe kunye noxanduva nokungahoywa ibandla.

Ngokuba inkosi yabo konke Russia kukho isoyikiso sokwenene isimemezelo. Kodwa wala kuba sisiganeko esahlukileyo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume abefundisi ezininzi Russian, kwaye kwimicimbi zebandla Tatar khans kunye abarhwebi zabo ukhetha ukuba angenelele. Kubaluleke nangakumbi kuwo irhafu irhafu, rhoqo ezize abathetheli Russian. Yaye icala lokomoya ubomi Khans ekhethwayo ukuba uxoxe kwezopolitiko iCawa lungenasiphumo.

ukunyukela sikaPetros kwetrone Metropolitan wayengekho ngaphandle impembelelo abathetheli eMoscow. Ukufumana igunya ngokomoya phezu Orthodox, uPetros ayikatshintshi iinkonzo ezinikezelweyo kwaye ixhasa ngokupheleleyo abalawuli Muscovite. Yena wayehlala e Moscow, endaweni enye waza wafa, waza wangcwatywa. iminikelo ezininzi kunye nezicelo beenkosana eMoscow benza umsebenzi wabo - Metropolitan emva kwexesha uye wamisela phantsi igama eMoscow yokuqala kunye Wonderworker of All Russia. Kudluliselwe evela kwiSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir kwi Klyazma eMoscow sele kwenziwe isiqingatha deal.

Ekuziseni ngumsebenzi ummangaliso

UPetros ilandelwa yi elisanda ngokuba Greek Fiognost. Ekupheleni kuka 1327 i-uMphathi baseConstantinople uIsaya wammisa ukuba abe Metropolitan of Kiev kubulungiseleli abasisigxina eMoscow.

Ngowe-1328 Fiognost batyelela kumazwe kumntla-mpuma Russian, leyo, ngesicelo weenkosana Galician kwaye Lithuanian, libonelelwe ngohlahlo lwabiwo-WASE eyahlukileyo. Kodwa Fiognosta akazange sihambelane indawo kasolusapho dolophu eqhelekileyo yephondo. Injongo yakhe yokuhlanganisa ezisemantla nasempuma Russia phantsi emnqamlezweni efanayo Orthodox. Yiloo xa ekugqibeleni yaba lula ukutshintshela isebe metropolitan ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow oko. Umhla isiganeko ezizayo iye wavumelana eConstantinople. Fiognost waphuma lidlule zonke izixeko Russian eyaziwa kwaye ukwenza eMoscow iziko oqhelekileyo yehlabathi Orthodox.

Ngenzuzo capital

Mhlawumbi ukudluliselwa yeSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir eMoscow yoMntwana Kalita kwaye akuyi kwenzeka ukuba akukhange le nkxaso esebenzayo ye-Metropolitan entsha. Phantsi ukwakhiwa kwakhe kwingcinga Church sagqitywa, yaye ngowe-1328, wakha amabandla amabini amatye zaye - an izwakale ezintsha ingqukuva. Church of St. uPetros uMpostile ne St Ivana Lestvichnika waba elinye inyathelo ekomelezeni ukubaluleka eMoscow.

Le transfer bemikhosi

Ngeminyaka yoo-30 le-Theognost yomsebenzi esebenzayo ngenkulungwane ye-14 kwi-ofisi yeSithili wazisa iziphumo wokuqala omkhulu. Umsebenzi Ukumiselwa ummangaliso umdla uPetros eMoscow ezininzi zihamba nabefundisi. imisebenzi yenkolo ugonyamelo esisigxina akazange abonwe yi-labefundisi kaConstantinople - impembelelo Metropolitan omtsha yandisa kuwo onke amazwe Russian.

Kumanqanaba aphezulu ndaqalisa ukufunda ukutshintshwa yeSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir eMoscow. 1326 yayilixesha isigqibo sokugqibela. imvume elipheleleyo abathetheli Moscow, ukuba sele wayenxiba isihloko "Yonke Russia", inkxaso uMphathi waseConstantinople kunye nomgaqo-non-ukungenela i-Golden hlokondiba ukuba agqibe umsebenzi. Dlulisa isebe abambaxa ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow lwagqitywa.

Imiphumela lokufuduka

Esi siganeko yayibalulekile kuba iTshawe eMoscow. It landisa esemagunyeni, nokulingana nayo kunye yokomoya. Fiognost waba ngokupheleleyo kwicala Ivana Kality, ukunceda yokugqibela kwi ukulawula kumazwe angabamelwane ukuya ubulawuli eMoscow. Umzekelo, ilungelo ngokubanzi Fiognost koopopu ukunyanzelisa uze ususe isiqalekiso nje kuphela abantu, kodwa kweso sixeko kunye nomhlaba. Ngoko wabeka isiqalekiso phezu kwabantu Pskov ezingqongileyo ngenxa yokuba wala ukunika umthetheli saseTver Khan Ulugbek, ngaloo ndlela ukumqumbisa umnini-Golden anayo kwi kuphangwa ezintsha intshabalalo. Ungosingelwe phantsi uYesu wanika iziphumo ezibambekayo - umthetheli Abakwenzayo uAleksandr Mihaylovich washiya Pskov waza waya Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Emva koku, nesiqalekiso wavulwa.

Ukwenziwa eMoscow njengeziko yehlabathi Orthodox

Kunzima ukunika uvavanyo ngokupheleleyo zonke iingenelo Wasondeza inkunzi entsha kwisebe yezothutho Metropolitan Vladimir eMoscow. Umhla kwalo mcimbi (1326) kubonakaliswe ezininzi yemihla kunye yemihla njenge isiqalo esitsha kubomi ubulawuli eMoscow.

Ngokutsho ukukhulelwa yamandulo iphela yesixhobo, namandla yehlabathi ngokomoya bayalingana yaye simanyene. Ngoko ke, isibakala sokuba ebukumkanini isixeko efanayo ixesha babehlala kunye umlawuli, kwaye Metropolitan, yaba yendalo kwaye ibe zezinqwenelekayo.

Ipolitiki neBandla

Ngokusekelwe kule migaqo, kunye nezehlabathi kunye namandla kokomoya enenzuzo ngokulinganayo kukhutshelo yeSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir eMoscow. Unyaka 1328 kwaba imikhosi chroniclers ibandla ingenakulibaleka yaphawula ingakumbi kakuhle ngeli xesha.

Yaba ixesha ngokuhlalisana elinoxolo ngokwentelekiso ubulawuli eMoscow anayo Golden - Moscow baba zizityebi nohlumayo. inkundla Inkulu kunye nenkundla Metropolitan ekufuphi nalapho, liphele iqhayiya nobutyebi na enasilela omnye komnye. emikhosini aluhlaza nonqulo kumsitho le ntetho kwi ngoobhishophu ababehlanganisene elikomkhulu ngokufunza kuluhlu ibandla neendwendwe akwizikhundla eziphezulu ukusuka kumazwe kwimpuma Russian kwaye baseConstantinople ngokwayo. Yonke imikhosi okuphambili zaye zabanjwa eMoscow ngokuhlanganiswa enkulu yabantu. Ngaba umngeni amabango eMoscow ukuba elo ngeenxa zonke, kodwa igunya enkolweni engenakuphikwa: siyabutyeshela Metropolitan of eMoscow ezisengozini kunye amsongele.

Bekutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke

Enye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, ngenxa apho nangoku wabamba ukutshintshelwa kwiSebe i-Metropolitan Vladimir eMoscow, ibikukubonelela iindidi inzuzo ebalulekileyo kunye nesibonelelo. Xa kuthelekiswa oko zifunyanwe ngabameli amagunya eBandleni izilawuli eselumelwaneni, iinzuzo ezazingekho, neminikelo - enkulu. abathetheli eMoscow esichengeni nto - isikhundla wabo womelela ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha ngokuzithemba phakathi oobhishophu ezithembeke kakhulu. indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yi-unique indawo okuyo ka eMoscow, kwaye ngokusondela neentlobano zokwazana waseConstantinople. Ingxabano ebalulekileyo kukuba i-Metropolitan of All Russia akuthethi kuphazamisana umdla nakubani phakathi abasemagunyeni ibandla, ke ngoko, wayenyanisekile ngokulinganayo kubo bonke oobhishophu. Metropolitan uPetros waqala ukuba kongama Moscow labefundisi, ezihlangwini zakhe efanele inguquko ogqityiweyo eMoscow ukuya elikomkhulu Faith Orthodox.