Tselinnik - ngubani na le nto? Iminyaka yophuhliso emazweni intombi

Nikita Khrushchev ngo-1953, ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso, kakhulu ukwandisa imveliso yezolimo eSoviet Union ukuze ukunciphisa ukunqongophala kokutya ubunzima ngenxa yabemi eli lizwe. Noko ke, enethemba nje ukuzalisa iimfuno kuyimfuneko, kodwa uzama ukuba idlule intsebenzo lwamazwe Koloni ekuthengweni izityalo eziziinkozo.

Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso ethile ukuphucula imveliso

NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka ukuya Plenum weKomiti Central, ngoncedo kokudlulisela kodwa Khrushchev ngokwakhe, abancedisi ezimbini, abahleli eliqela "Inyaniso" yaye sazi enye, ukuze ukufumanisa ubuzaza lengxaki kwezolimo. Ngaphambili Georgy Malenkov wafumana ikhredithi ngenxa nakwiinguqulelo ukusombulula ingxaki agrarian kweli lizwe. Obekumele ukunciphisa irhafu nokukhuthaza zebali ngamnye lwezolimo.

Ngoku Nikita Khrushchev wanikela icebo lathembela kakhulu kuphuhliso kumazwe enyulu e Kazakhstan. kwezigidi ezilishumi hectares zomhlaba olinywayo ngaphambili kwafuneka ukuba kulinywa kwaye belima. Lo mhlaba kubekwe phezu kodonga lasekunene iVolga River ngomhla emdeni North Caucasus, Western eSiberia Northern Kazakhstan.

Okanye ngokuchasene uphuhliso lomhlaba entsha

Kazakhstan Party Shayahmetov ngokukodwa underplayed isivuno enokubakho amazwe enyulu. Akazange afune intsimi Kazakh waba phantsi kolawulo Russian. Uninzi amalungu aphambili beqela, ezifana Molotov, Malenkov kunye Kaganovich, ibivela uphuhliso umhlaba omtsha, yaye wavakalisa ingxelo engentle. Celina uya kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, akazange ibonakala esi sicwangciso iindleko-ukususela kwindawo ubhalo ngayo.

Kodwa Khrushchev waphikelela ukuba isixa esikhulu somhlaba omtsha elinywayo - le kuphela kwendlela yokufumana ukwanda kakhulu isivuno ngexeshana elifutshane. A landers yintombi - aba ngabantu abaya kuza kukhokelela ezolimo yelizwe ibe kwinqanaba elitsha.

Akumnandi amathathu million ezintsha

Kunokuba aphake imali ngenxa yomsebenzi nabalimi bendawo Khrushchev iphuhlise isicwangciso-qhinga ekhethekileyo yokutsala abasebenzi abatsha ukulufunda. Elaqazile izibhengezo njenge adventure yali zolutsha eSoviet. Iphulo ebanjwe ezikolweni, phakathi abafundi kweeklasi iziqu kunye namanye amaziko emfundo. Kwaye ke landers yokuqala intombi - amavolontiya Komsomol ikhulu lamawaka. Ngehlobo lowe-1954 baya kumazwe amatsha.

Emva kokuba isivuno yokuqala enkulu Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev wandisa iinjongo ekuqaleni, kwaye ngoku elima wanikwa hayi u-13 million hectares zomhlaba kunye malunga 30. Xa ixesha ukususela 1954 ukuya 1958 (kule minyaka uphuhliso kumazwe intombi) urhulumente wachitha million 30,7 engange enyamekela ukulinywa ezintsha komhlaba.

Yintoni le lizwe lokuvuna intombi

ukulima ikhuba Lilonke kumhlaba enyulu ukwandisa imveliso okuziinkozo ukunciphisa ukunqongophala kokutya ezikhoyo kwikota kunokuba elifutshane. Loo isikali enkulu kunye nempumelelo lokuqala phulo baba ukuba uchaze ixabiso feat yimbali. Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, imveliso okuziinkozo ebalulekileyo kumahlandinyuka ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye kunye nokwehla kancinane isivuno akagwetyelwa uuthemba Nikita Khrushchev ngendlela yokuzama obugqitha US data ukuqokelela izityalo ngo-1960.

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka 1955 200 lamawaka iitrektara athunyelwa kumazwe enyulu, wadala iifama zikarhulumente 425, kwaye ezingama-30 ezigidi eehektare zomhlaba babephantsi elinywayo, apho 20 zazenzelwe lokuvuna. Ngenxa yokuba eli lizwe yintombi Kazakhstan kugwebela umgudu, lilonke imveliso iinkozo elizweni kulo nyaka-60 ekhulwini ngaphezu bendyebo yengqolowa kwithuba ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1953.

iimeko zemozulu, okanye ukumangala, leyo zanikezelwa virgin. photo

Kodwa ngenxa yokuba kukho imbalela, kwaye ifumaneka rhoqo kwimimandla Kazakhstan, iindawo kulinywa ndamkele kuphela nesahlulo seshumi sibe imali eqhelekileyo ye kwezulu kunyaka ozayo lwengqolowa yawa-35 ekhulwini. Ngelo xesha, Khrushchev wanyanzeleka ukuba avume wihi ezinye ephikisanayo ngendlela yokuphuhlisa amazwe enyulu kwakunye nokuba ukuphonononga amazwe ezintsha ngokubanzi. Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, yena wahlabela mgama wathi ukuba ngenxa yesicwangciso iya kuba nempumelelo kwaye liya kuzihlawula iindleko.

1956 yaba ukuba unyaka izityalo kakhulu yimpumelelo. Iinkozo sesivuno namazwe intombi inyuke nge-180 ekhulwini xa kuthelekiswa ne amaxabiso zangaphambili avareji. Sikhuthazwa yi kwimpumelelo saphuhliswa ze safezekiswa isicwangciso, nkqu Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev waquqa ezinye kwimimandla komhlaba ongazange, ngexesha apho amafama thaca iintlobo lamabhaso imali, izipho, kanye lwemali ezinxulumeneyo.

Eyona ngxaki, okanye ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi

Ummandla apho amazwe enyulu zazisekelwe, kwa- zokuhlala zasemaphandleni esinabantu encinane. Tselinnik - aba bantu ingqwalasela eyodwa uphuhliso kumazwe amatsha. Ikakhulu ngenxa kwiilali amahlwempu, iinkedama kunye abathandi Komsomol. iimeko zokuphila Poor ziye ngenkani abasebenzi abaninzi sele kwiinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa kunye akahambe ka kuyo.

Ngenxa yokushiywa rhoqo wahlala nokunqongophala bafa lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba abantu babesiza mncinane, uthambile; babengenayo izakhono ukusebenza ngempumelelo iiteletele udityanisiwe, ngokunjalo nakwezinye kummandla kwimveliso. Ngexesha nsimu 24 000 iingcali ezahlukeneyo zathunyelwa kwimimandla Kazakhstan ukulungiselela uphuhliso kumazwe ezintsha, kodwa 14000 kubo phantse nangoko bashiya umsebenzi ngenxa neemeko zokuphila kakuhle.

Ukungabikho kwezixhobo kunye abaza kuzisebenzisa

Gcina kunye nezinye iingxaki musa ukudala iimeko azivumi ukuba uphuhliso lwemveliso, nangona iinzame Nikita Khrushchev ekunikezelweni amazwe enyulu zokusebenza kwezolimo. Ithunyelwe phantse zonke iintsimbi ngokutsha akhululwa mveliso Russian, nangona kunjalo ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kwimimandla siqulunqwe waziva wayibona. Xa 1959 e Kazakhstan ukuba zonke iihektare 218 zomhlaba accounted for itrekta enye kuphela.

Eli lizwe ingakhange ikwazi ukuvelisa inani koomatshini ithathe ngokunxulumene nokwandiswa kwemimandla kuhlwayelwa ngequbuliso. Ukongeza, iindawo izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze wokulungisa elula, naye wahlala awukho. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi itrektara ayisetyenziswa, yaye ngenxa nje yokuba sinamalungu ngokwaneleyo lolaleliso ukususa umonakalo iziqalelo.

Imozulu kunye zomhlaba iimpawu

Ikhuba ukulima akufanelekile ukuba zikhona kwimimandla ngokoma. A indawo mhlaba intombi yafumana milimitha kuphela 200 ukuya 350 imvula ngonyaka ngamnye. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo, bawa ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, xa sithe savuthwa isiqhamo, okanye ngexesha lokuvuna. Ukubalela yeza emthonjeni, ngexesha Amahlumelo ubuntwana abaselula kakhulu imfuneko yokuba ibingenakunyakama.

Ngaphezu koko, ixesha utyani wayemfutshane. yimimoya enamandla kwabangela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, nto leyo nayo lubonakala kananjalo ezinomthamo eliphezulu ityuwa. Kungenzeka, unobangela nefuthe nokuncipha kancinane kwemveliso ingqolowa kumazwe enyulu emva 1959.

Extreme iimeko zokusebenza, okanye yayikwazi kubantu Soviet

Abantu abaye basebenza ukulunga lizwe, ukuphuhlisa ezolimo phantse ungafanelekanga ukuba mmandla - a landers enyulu. Photo washiya kwezo ebonisa uncumo zabo bevuya kwezinye imifanekiso ungakwazi noba ubone indlela ayanikezelwa okanye amabhaso. Kodwa ngaba ezi abasebenzi bazi ukuba uninzi imigudu yabo aluphele?

Ngapha koko, phambi kokuba isaziso Nikitoy Sergeevichem malunga isicwangciso sakho yophuhliso mhlaba, kukho yokugcina mncinane kakhulu ku Kazakhstan izityalo. Ngoko ke, xa isivuno yokuqala, isixa esikhulu ekhohlo kubola endle. Ukongeza, ukunqongophala kwendawo yokugcina imnyanzele amafama ukuvuna ngokukhawuleza xa imozulu efanelekileyo.

Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni yintoni na esivuthiweyo kunye neenkozo ezimuncu badla ugalelwe, kwaze oku kwabangela ukuba isiqulatho eliphezulu ukunyakama, kwaye ngenxa yoko yomonakalo engqoloweni. Ukuba isivuno Kazakhstan avareji malunga ne-22 million tons, amandla yokugcina inokwanela 10. kuphela Ukusuka oku sinokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Ngoobani landers enyulu? Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, abantu kwiimeko ezinzima phantse wazama nje ukuzalisekisa isicwangciso nemveliso okuziinkozo, imvelaphi inyuselwa Nikitoy Sergeevichem Hruschevym, kodwa Zizigqithile, njengoko kulisiko ngexesha leSoviet. Kwaye, njengesiqhelo, abantu baseSoviet akwazi Kwanaloo nto xa uqala ofana engenakwenzeka elimangalisayo.