Hazaras - ngubani na? Khazars, Pechenegs ne Cumans

Njengoko isisho, "sbiraetsya Lesiprofeto Oleg ukuziphindezelela ngqiqweni Khazars." Enoba ngaphantsi kwenqanaba yophuhliso nokuxubana? Yintoni esiyaziyo ebantwini?

Sisonke, makhe sifumane iimpendulo zale mibuzo.

Imfihlelo yabantu ezilahlekileyo

Ngenxa ireferensi uncwadi nexesha Kievan Rus, siyazi ukuba Prince Svyatoslav wayonakalisayo imizi eziphambili Khazar Khanate.

Sarkel, Samandar kunye Itil zatshatyalaliswa nokujongela phantsi indawo karhulumente. Emva kwenkulungwane ye-12 ngabo musa nto. kufumaneka inkcazelo entsha ibonisa ukuba zafakwa kwaye ezoyiswa Mongols.

Ngaphambi kwelo xesha - evela iinkulungwane 7 - le Khazars wathi Arabic, basePersi, imithombo zamaKristu. ookumkani balo babe negalelo elikhulu kummandla North Caucasus kunye lweCaspian emaqeleni kufuphi emlonyeni iVolga. Abamelwane abaninzi imbeko ukuya Khazars.

De kube ngoku, esi bantu ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo, yaye abaninzi iinkcukacha livuma. Abaphandi kunzima ukwenza babeyihamba nkcukacha zesizwe akhawunti ngawakhe.

I-Arabhu umlinganiselo ezinye umgama kunye nexesha, phakathi Turks - zahlukile ngokupheleleyo, yongeza apha nangoku baseByzantium, yamaYuda, Slavic kunye ingqiqo Khazar. Amagama imizi basoloko kumhlathi efanayo ngendlela yamaSilamsi, kwezinye - ngesiHebhere okanye ngolwimi Turkish. Oko kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba isixeko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, njengoko kuthelekiswa ngokupheleleyo ethnonyms abangekenzi baphumelele. Njengoko ngokunjalo ukufumanisa iintsalela zokuhlala ezinkulu.

Xa imbalelwano, obufunyenwe ukudideka ngokupheleleyo kunye ububhanxa. Xa iinkcazelo zokumkani umzi - omkhulu, iikhilomitha 500, kwaye eli phondo ezincinane. Mhlawumbi, kwakhona, oko luphawu kwimigama umlinganiselo ephila. Khazars Petchenegs, Polovtsi ozakuthathwa indlela imini ukwahlula ubude lwendlela ezintabeni kumathafa.
Njani ngokwenene konke oko? Masiqonde kancinci.

Yeengcinga malunga nemvelaphi

Phakathi kwinkulungwane 7 ezinkqantosini enkulu Dagestan, eMpuma eCaucasus, kukho abantu olungaziwayo kude kodwa enamandla kakhulu - abantu Khazars. Ngubani na?

Bazibiza "Kasari". Igama elithi, ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, lithatyathwe ingcambu zamaTurkic "KAZ" kuthetha inkqubo 'nomadism ". Oko kukuthi, ukuba ngokwabo ucingo nje mbuya.

Nezinye ezinxulumene wasePersi ( "Khazars" - "amawaka"), Latin (Caesar) kunye zamaTurkic ( "likhoboka") lwimi. Enyanisweni, akwaziwa ukuba ezithile, ngoko ke masidibanise umbuzo kuluhlu evulekileyo.

Imvelaphi yabantu kwakhona phantsi umkhusane kuyimfihlo. Namhlanje, uninzi iqwalasela kusenjalo eTurkey. Yintoni izizwe zithi ukuba izinyanya?

Ngokutsho ingcamango yokuqala - kwiindlalifa Akatsirs wesizwe, enye inxalenye ubukhosi kanye omkhulu Huns.

Le ndlela yesibini kukuba ingqalelo nabafiki Khorasan.
Ezi yeengcinga baye ubungqina encinane.

Kodwa zimbini zilandelayo unamandla ngokwaneleyo kwaye aqinisekiswe izibakala ezithile. Umbuzo kuphela, yintoni imvelaphi yechaneke ngaphezulu.

Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori wesithathu libhekisela Khazars inzala ka Uighurs. Chinese yeziKronike wakhe ngabo ngokuba "Abantu-to sa." Ngexesha ngokuwa uBukhosi Hun, sibambe buthathaka yengozi, inxalenye Oguz waya ngasentshona. Amaqela Self-igama ziguqulelwa njenge "izizwe 10", "izizwe 30", "isizwe emhlophe", njalo njalo.

Ingaba nayiphi na kuzo Khazars? Ngubani na ukuqinisekisa? Kukholelwa ukuba olu hlanga phakathi kwabo.

Xa inkqubo yokuhlaliswa, bezifumana eMntla lweCaspian kunye Kuban. Kamva, kunye nempembelelo okwandayo, zihlawulwa kwi-eCrimea kufuphi emlonyeni iVolga.

Usingasiqithi iCrimea mde kakhulu kwimithombo aphakathi wayengaziwa kuphela "Husar". Ukongeza, nkqu e Kiev yaba iqembu mercenaries kuloo lizwe. Malunga zibakala inokubonwa ngokusebenzisa toponym ugcinwe "Kozar phecana."

Inkqubo yezopolitiko

Ekuqaleni abantu abavela inkqubo yokulungisa ukufumana impembelelo ngakumbi nezizwe ezintsha subordinated. sabaphathi Umi zokuphelisa Turkish uBukhosi.
Xa intloko karhulumente wawusithi "Hagan" kwi iimbekiselo yamaYuda - "meleki", i-Arab - "malik" okanye "likaCaliph". Waye iphaphethi kaThixo emhlabeni kwaye idibanisa imisebenzi zonqulo nezehlabathi. Enyanisweni, isihloko anikwe kulawula kodwa ababusayo. Into efana imeko yangoku i-British Queen.

Kunye nendawo enyukayo kwetrone Khazars waba isithethe umdla. Kwelo gumbi kunye yamatyala zezizwe ezintsha Hagan belivile ekufeni silk intambo. Okulandelayo, Ndicela ukubuza ubudala indlela uza kulawula. Emva kokuphela, endleleni, yena wabulala.

Ukuba labanobuqokolo sicelo wabiza inani elikhulu, solo kusetyenzwa kunye naye emveni kokuba ukumkani wabulawa iminyaka emashumi mane.

"Umhlaba" enengalo Bey. In ukuqonda wethu - kuba isebe yesigqeba karhulumente. Xa ilifa lakhe umkhosi, amagosa athi. Enyanisweni, waza walawula Khanate.

iklasi Upper yaba basebukhosini Khazar - Tarhan, notshi ngezantsi wayesazi kwizizwana ngamakhoboka - Elteber.

KwiPhondo esilawulwa iirhuluneli - Tudun, elinoxanduva ingqokelela irhafu, imisebenzi kunye Ukuze kwintsimi yabo.

umnotho

karhulumente lwasempumalanga gumbini kumaxesha, nawo onke amasiko kunye nendlela yokuphila. Umahluko kuphela kukuba iye yaluphumelela inqanaba lobomi yokuphila izinziswe.

Isiseko sezoqoqosho iinkomo, ngokwezithethe bamandulo wooyise. Kodwa inokongezwa kuyo ukufuya izidiliya kunye nokuveliswa iziselo ezinxilisayo, ukulinywa okuziinkozo kunye nevatala.

Nokufika isixeko ekuphuhliseni ubugcisa. Bejewellery, ngensimbi, Babengababumbi, abasuki kunye nezinye iinkosi zenza isiseko urhwebo lwangaphakathi.

Yazi nabaphetheyo yokulawula kunye nomkhosi waphila off amaxhoba kunye inani abamelwane oyisa.

Ukongeza, kukho into ebalulekileyo yengeniso baba imirhumo kunye neerhafu kwi iimpahla umxhesho kwi intsimi Khanate. Ngenxa yesibakala sokuba imbali Khazars kuhlangene ukuba ezinqumlayo "East-West", kwakunzima gqitha ukuba lithathe amathuba.

I Khanate zezandla ndlela ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eYurophu, kuye phantsi karhulumente kolawulo yokukhangela kwi iVolga yaye inxalenye esemntla kuLwandle lweCaspian. Derbent waba udonga esahlula unqulo amabini esilwa - kobuOthodoki Islam. Ezazinika ithuba nanto yorhwebo nomlomo.

Abanye umnxeba kule ukuziphatha amazwe "olwaye lwamfimfitha", ngoxa abanye kugxininisa kuphela indlela yaye kusengqiqweni ziphile kwaye kutyatyamba zenene meko.

Ukongeza, i Khazars kwaba zento indawo inkulu ekurhwebeni ngamakhoboka. Uyotywe yi northerners bathenga ngokugqibeleleyo phezulu yi yamaPersi Arabhu. Amantombazana - bobabini ngenxa yabafazi amaqadi nabakhonzi, amadoda - njengoko okulwa, abasebenzi efama kunye nezinye onzima.

Kwakhona kwiinkulungwane 10-11 urhulumente kubalwa imali yayo. Nangona yaba Sixelisa imali Arabhu, kodwa into emangalisayo kukuba kule othi "Muhammad - umprofethi" iingqekembe Khazar, bema igama "UMoses".

Inkcubeko nenkolo

Ulwazi oluphambili malunga abantu, abaphandi abo imithombo olubhaliweyo lokuqala. Ukususela zizizwe zalapho ezifana Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans, izinto ezinobunzima. An iseti wayalela naluphi uxwebhu ayikho.
A engafani Imibhalo yonqulo okanye ngemvelo basekhaya zezona nto ingqiqo enkulu. Kubo ukufumana igolide kuphela inkcazelo.

Sazi njani ukuba umazi kangakanani inkcubeko yesizwe umbhalo imbiza "wamenza uYosefu"? Apha siza ukuqonda nje into zomdongwe okuqhelekileyo amanye amasiko zolwimi, ezifana amagama ngawakhe iintlanga ezahlukeneyo. Nangona oku kuyinyaniso ngokupheleleyo. Le isitya ongathenga ngokulula kwaye ukuzisa, nithi, ukusuka Byzantium enye Khorezm.

Enyanisweni, into enye kuphela uyaziwa. "Usisidenge Khazars" kuquka iintlanga ezininzi nezizwe, owathethayo Slavic, Arabic, Turkish zomthonyama yamaYuda. elite karhulumente besathetha igcinwe amaxwebhu ngesiHebhere, kunye nabantu ezisetyenziswayo eziqhelekilyo umbhalo neRunic, nto leyo ekhokelela hypothesis malunga ezingcanjini zawo eTurkey.

Abaphengululi Modern bakholelwa ukuba esikufutshane naloo Khazar ulwimi ekhoyo yi Chuvash.

Unqulo kwi urhulumente nabo eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze Ixesha Khanate kwelanga, ubuYuda baba ngakumbi ixhaphake kwaye lubalaseleyo ngakumbi. History of the Khazars enxulumene ngokuncamisayo nayo. Kwiinkulungwane 10-11 "iinkonzo nokuhlalisana zoxolo" liye kufika esiphelweni.

Oku Kwaze izitenxo phakathi ubumelwane amaJuda yamaMuslim kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kodwa Thunder kulo mzekelo, abalandeli uMprofethi Muhammad.

Malunga imeko kwi ezintlwini asezantsi oluntu, sinako kugweba ubunzima ngenxa yokungabikho nayiphi imithombo, kodwa ngokufutshane ezimbalwa ukubalula. Kodwa kule kamva.

amaxwebhu Khazar

Imithombo engama kwi imeko kweli lizwe, imbali yayo kunye isixhobo beza kuthi ngenxa kumJuda omnye Spanish. Cordoba lakomkhulu ogama Hasdai ibn Shafrut, wabhala ileta eya kukumkani Khazars, ukubalisa kaganate.

Isenzo esinjalo okubangelwa ikholelwe. Yena ngokwakhe ungumYuda, kunye abafundileyo kakhulu, wayesazi malunga iziphazamiso bakubo. Kwaye ngoko ke iindwendwe ezivela ngabarhwebi empumalanga Bothetha ubukho kumazwe ndawonye, enamandla aphuhlileyo kakhulu, nto leyo kugcwele kubuYuda.

Ekubeni engazenzanga waba Hasdai kunye amazwe, yena ulandela imithetho waza wajika waya Kagan ukuze inkcazelo eyinyaniso.

Impendulo, yena ndiyifumene. Ndanibhalela (kunokuba isuke) kuyo buqu "Meleh iosif, unyana ka-Aron," Hagan Khazar ubukhosi.

Kule leta uxelela ulwazi oluninzi umdla. Umyalezo uthi izinyanya zakhe waba neentlobano bezozakuzo kunye Umayyads. Ngapha koko, ithetha ngembali yaye indlela karhulumente.

Ngokutsho kwakhe, ongukhokho wazo i Khazars kukho Japhet yebhayibhile, unyana kaNowa. King liyala kwebali ekwenziweni zobuYuda njengonqulo karhulumente. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwagqitywa ekubeni endaweni ubuhedeni, apho ngaphambili abathi Khazars. Ngubani na kwenziwa ndlela leyinene? Kakade ke ababingeleli. Christian, yamaMuslim umYuda bamenyiwe. Le yokugqibela yaba uliciko kakhulu, Iqaqambile nabanye.

Ngokutsho uguqulelo yesibini (hayi ileta), uvavanyo ababingeleli kukugcina ezama imisongo ezingaziwayo, leyo "iingozi banoyolo" kwakukho iTorah.
Kagan Okulandelayo isixelela sendawo lizwe kunye nemizi yayo ezinkulu kunye nobomi babantu. Bachitha le zentlako-hlaza nezasehlotyeni emhlabeni inkampu, kwaye ngexesha ebandayo enyakeni babuyela kulendawo.

Igcina incwadi Amazwi abaqhankqalazi malunga nokuma kwe Khazar Khanate njengoko ndlela ingabizi kakhulu, nto leyo igcina amaSilamsi ukusuka ayehlasela bakhona wasentla. UYayiro Khazars, ndivuma babephikisana ngenkulungwane ye-10, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufeni kwi lweCaspian ithi.

Apho wenza lonke uhlanga?

Ukanti, ukuba nako lonke uhlanga kutshabalalisa engunozala ngabalawuli Russian ezifana Sviatoslav, Oleg Veschy. I Khazars kwakumelwe ahlale kwaye zivalele aba bahlaseli okanye abamelwane.

Ukongeza, Khanate umkhosi mercenaries wayengekho ezincinane kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ukugcina uxolo zonke ezinabantu kwaye alwe Arabhu kunye nokuxubana.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inguqulelo ezininzi lililo iqonda oku kulandelayo. Empire lakhe Ukunyamalala unetyala kuqondana kwiimeko eziliqela.

Okokuqala, ukwanda kwinqanaba oLwandle lweCaspian. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha lizwe phezu emazantsi echibini. Amadlelo kunye nezidiliya, izindlu kunye nezinye izinto bayeka nje ukuba khona.

Ngenxa yoko, ndixinekile intlekele yendalo, abantu baqala ukubaleka ukuya emntla nasentshona, apho ujongene nenkcaso abamelwane. Apha kwaye apho Kievan ithuba abathetheli "ukuziphindezelela ngqiqweni Khazars." Esi yayisisihlandlo ixesha elide - thatha abantu ebukhobokeni, imirhumo kwi iVolga kurhwebo indlela.

Isizathu sesithathu, apho wakhonza umgama ongangowokutola yolawulo, yaba ukudideka ezizweni oyiswe. Ziyayazi ubuthathaka kwezibonelelo yabacinezeli bagwilika. Kancane phondo, omnye emva komnye.

Umdibaniso zonke ezi zinto, wawa karhulumente phantsi ngenxa yokuba iphulo Rus, abatshabalalisa imizi emithathu emikhulu, kuquka ingqukuva. Prince Svyatoslav ebizwa. I Khazars abakwazanga ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa yabadlali wasentla befanelekile. Mercenaries ayisoloko ukulwa ukuya ekupheleni. ukuphila kuyabiza.

Inguqulelo kakhulu lililo ngubani kwinzala basindileyo, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ngexesha nokwenziwa, i Khazars kwesele Kalmyks, yaye namhlanje yinxalenye yesi sizwe.

References ezincwadini

Ngenxa inani elincinane kolwazi ezigcinwe malunga nemisebenzi Khazars bohlulwa babe ngamaqela eziliqela.

Okokuqala - oku amaxwebhu zembali okanye impikiswano yonqulo.
Okwesibini - obalelwa ye Ukufuna zamabali kumazwe ashiyiweyo.
imveliso pseudo - Wesithathu.

abadlali Main - Hagan (okudla umlinganiswa separate), ukumkani, okanye bek iosif, Shafrut, Svyatoslav kunye Oleg.

Eyinhloko - kwebali ngokwamkela zobuYuda kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlanga ezifana nokuxubana Khazars.

Imfazwe ne Arabhu

mbali Itotali ukuchonga ezimbini imfazwe kwiinkulungwane 7-8. Imfazwe yokuqala eyathatha iminyaka elishumi, le yesibini - ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu.

Ngxabano waba Kaganate ezintathu Caliphate, nto leyo ngexesha lophuhliso zembali endaweni enye.

Ngo-642, i-ungquzulwano yokuqala kuxhokonxwa Arabhu. Behlasela neCaucasus kwi kummandla Khazar Khanate. Ekubeni eli xesha wahlala imifanekiso eziliqela ezitsheni. Enkosi kubo, sinako ukuqonda ukuba yintoni le Khazars. Inkangeleko, izixhobo, nezikrweqe.

Emva kweminyaka elishumi baphathwa ozenzekelayo nokungqubana zasekuhlaleni, amaSilamsi ekubeni yahlasela, apho lahluleka atsho e Belenjer.

Imfazwe yesibini yaba elide yaye ukulungele. Waqala bamashumi Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibhozo, futhi yathatha de iminyaka 737. Ngexesha ungquzulwano yamajoni imikhosi Khazar ifikelele iindonga Mosul. Kodwa ekuphenduleni imikhosi Arab wayithimba Samandar kunye bet Kagan.

ukungqubana ezifanayo kwaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane yesi-9. Emva koko, uxolo kwenziwa ngenxa zokuqinisa kwizikhundla umKristu ithi. Umda wabaleka udonga Derbent, leyo i Khazar. Bonke ababekolo Arabhu ukuya ezantsi.

UYayiro Khazars

Kiev prince Svyatoslav Khazars boyiswa. Ngubani oza kulahla? Noko ke, loo nto ibonakalisa kuphela ulwalamano lokugqibela. Oko kwaba eziliqela iinkulungwane landulelwe yiloo lokoyisa?

Nokuxubana kwiirekhodi ekubhekiswe izizwe ngamnye (radzimichy, vyatichi, njalo-njalo), ezibe ilawulwe Khazar Khanate, ade wayithimba Amazwi Oleg.

Ithi waleka irhafu lula imeko kuphela ukuba Khazars, ngoku angarholi rhafu. Loo ithuba iziganeko ngokuqinisekileyo wabangela bonke uBukhosi reaction ahambelanayo. Kodwa imfazwe sekeriweke na umthombo. Sinako siziphendule ngayo kuphela ngenxa yokuba uxolo kwaphethwa yaye Ruses Khazars kunye Pechenegs waya amaphulo adibeneyo.

Nantsi i isiphelo umdla yaye mngeni ke olu hlanga.