Yintoni hydrocarbon enuka: iipropati Formula

Cinga hydrocarbon elimnandi. Ifomula abameli kolu ngcelele homologous - SpN2p-6.

Iimpawu class

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba ngu Faraday yafunyanwa benzene - C6H6. Ethelekiswa hydrocarbon ifumile, iifomyula noshowo hydrocarbon enuka lucaciswa kule fom kweziporo zikaloliwe. Ngenxa yokuba kule molecule iqulethe imali enganelanga hydrogen, ngekhonkco enuka amiliswe ngaphakathi khonkcweni.

Indlela ukuze batshise hydrocarbon elimnandi? Formula ephakanyiswayo yi Kekule, ucacisa ubume yale udidi hydrocarbon. Ukubakho iibhondi kabini kungqina uhlobo enuka kamnandi ngayo benzene kunye homologs yayo.

iipropati chemical

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele hydrocarbon enuka busenza ukuba ubukho zonke iikhompawundi beklasi zokudibanisa reactions: hydrogenation, halogenation, ukuxovwa. Iziphumo imifuniselo eziliqela wabonisa umsebenzi imichiza benzene encinane.

Liveza ukuxhathisa awongezelelekileyo okufumana igcwala, ikwazi connection kuphela ultraviolet radiation okanye lobushushu ephakamileyo.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo benzene

Le ndlela yokubala molekyuli of ezizizembiwa enuka kamnandi - C6H6. Zonke atom carbon sele karhulumente cp2-gqith, ahlelwe moya mnye. Ngamnye kubo omnye non-hybrid C-atom, apho angena ilifu electron eqhelekileyo ukuba uhleli aa Incopho womgca khonkcweni. Le nkqubo ring ke conjugated p-bonds kwaye imisela passivity imichiza benzene.

American Chemical Pauling ecetywayo benzene zithathwa nezakhiwo ezimbini oqhagamshelwano phakathi nezahlukileyo indawo electron uxinano, ezidlulayo enye.

Nokuhlelwa kunye isomerism

njani na umnxeba aromatics? Formula iikhompawundi ziphantsi eziliqela hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, kufuneka zihambelane kubume molecule ecetywayo. Le homologue elula benzene yi toluene. Umahluko phakathi kuyo kunye ezizizembiwa elula enuka yi CH2.

Xa igama abameli kule klasi njengesiseko ngokuthatha benzene. Inqubo ye atom carbon oluqhutywa kwicala langasekunene, ukuqala i omdala ukuya isekela abaselula. Nkqu (2 no-6) ufumane indawo ye ortho-kwizikhundla, no-3 no-5 (odd) embodiments meta.

Abalinganiswa lepropati ebonakalayo

Ziziphi iimpawu abonakalayo: hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, okuhambelana ifomula iklasi SpN2p-6?

Nebenzene kunye homologues kwawo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo na ulwelo ityhefu ukuba livumba kuphawu ezingemnandi. Ngokuba yonke enkundleni luphawulwa ukunyibilika phantsi emanzini. Ngezixa unlimited, ukuba enyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi.

ongakhetha kuzo

Xa ngobuwena mveliso imveliso benzene kunye nabanye abameli kwiklasi ye hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, umntu usenokufunda processing of amalahle tar okanye petroleum. Inguqulelo zokwenziwa of ekufunyanweni abameli lomgangatho lunee ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Cleavage evela iimolekyuli cycloparaffins hydrogen (emzimbeni);
• aromatization of hydrocarbon ifumile (alkanes).

Zombini indlela olucetywayo ukuguqulwa iikhompawundi ngobuwena esinevumba elimnandi, equka ukusetyenziswa lobushushu eliphezulu kuvala.

Phakathi iindlela eziqhelekileyo yokufumana elebhu arenes kusenokubakho kuchazwe Wurtz yokuqaphela. Lubonakala yi impefumlelwano a alkane halogenated kunye sodium sisinyithi.

Amanqaku homologues of benzene

Toluene, apho iqela imethyl ukho, uya kungena ngayo imichiza ngaphezu benzene. Ekubeni CH3 orientant uhlobo lokuqala iqukiwe substituents ziya ojolise ortho (nokuba) isikhundla. Toluene unako halogenation (chlorination, bromination, iodination), kunye nitration.

isiphelo

Zonke hydrocarbon enuka ehambelana wokubala jikelele SpN2p-6. Ngexesha ukutshiswa umoya oxygen akhululwe ubungakanani ezaneleyo uthuthu lweziko oko kuchazwe lula xa umxholo banda kwekhabhoni kuyo.