Hydrocarbon kugcwale: iimpawu ngokubanzi, isomers, iipropati chemical

Hydrocarbon - iklasi elula kwezinto eziphilayo, ezo molekyuli kufuneka athom ezimbini kuphela imichiza - carbon kunye hydrogen. Of le hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo iindlela kuyondelelaniswe yemichiza walungisa iiklasi ezininzi ze-oganikhi khompawundi.

Hydrocarbon zahlulwe subclasses ezimbini - acyclic kunye elibujikele. Xa hydrocarbon acyclic, okanye hydrocarbon okunamafutha okanye hydrocarbon aliphatic, iquka la maqela alandelayo: hydrocarbon ifumile (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, zikaDienes), terpenes acyclic. Amaqela hydrocarbon elibujikele zimelwe cycloparaffins, ezinkundleni kunye terpenes elibujikele. Terpenes ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba into yokufunda of chemistry bioorganic.

hydrocarbon kugcwale (alkanes) - ambaxa carbon yehayidrojini iimolekyuli apho yonke valency eseleyo emva kokuba uxhulumaniso phakathi athom carbon zezi bond olunye, okroqiweyo athom carbon of hydrogen. Zonke alkanes kubhekwe njengento homologues okanye izithako methane. Ukuba methane, nto leyo eye ifomula beemolekyuli ka CH4, uthabathe enye iperoksayidi atom ezikhandelwa yamasuntswana - CH3 olukhulu. Ngenxa yokuba kule molecule kukho into ephilayo ezifana carbon idla tetravalent, uqhagamshelo lwe radicals ezimbini ebangela ukubonakala ummeli yesibini thotho homologous --methane (C2H6). Ukuba methane ukusuka athathe enye Iperoksayidi atom, i-ethyl olukhulu ibunjiwe, leyo, emva kokuba uxhulumaniso ukuya homolog wesithathu Iifomu CH3 - propane.

Ukuhlaziya indlela kwesakhiwo propane, kulula ukufaka, ukuba isakhiwo molecule wayo kweentlobo ezimbini athom carbon - eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. ingaphezulu nganye carbon ephambili bebotshiwe omnye carbon atom enye valency wayo, kwaye aphakamileyo - valencies ezimbini ukuya athom ezimbini carbon. Ukuba sisuswe carbon atom ephambili Iperoksayidi propane, propyl zaseprayimari wabumba zamabanga - propyl eziziisekondari. Kunye nale lokuqala okanye ezenqanaba lesibini bromide propyl ebangela ukuyilwa iinguqulelo noshowo le homolog yesine. ukuxhumana ezimbini kwakhiwa - ngqo butane eziqhelekileyo kunye umxokelelwane isobutane carboxylic branched carbon chain.

hydrocarbon Igcwele: isakhiwo

A ummeli ngokuqhelekileyo alkanes yi methane. ifomula Ezinto CH4. Kuba molecule alkanes ekuso kelly bond. Le molecule ye methane carbon atom Iifomu ezine iibhondi covalent ngenxa S- kunye p-orbitals ezintathu nganye-atom a hydrogen, - ngenxa s-orbitals.

hydrocarbon kugcwale: nokuhlelwa kunye isomerism

Xa ebunayo ngaphandle, indlela noshowo lwe thotho homologous methane, butane C4H10 ukususela sidibana isenzeko of isomerism. Umzekelo, indlela molekyuli C4H10 ukuhlangabezana iikhompawundi ngamnye ezimbini S5N12 - ezintathu. Kamva, inani isomers kunye nenani athom kwekhabhoni molecule kwandisa alkane. Umzekelo, indlela molekyuli S6N14 ukuhlangabezana neefomula ezintlanu zokusebenza kunye nemixube ngamnye, ngokulandelelana, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. I ezine zokuqala alkanes ummeli - yeegesi evela yesihlanu ukuya elinesibini - ulwelo, ekubeni elinesithandathu - eziqinileyo .

Iipropati lwemichiza hydrocarbon Igcwele

Zonke enyakamisa izinto egalelwe. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba molecule alkanes yekharboni yehayidrojini athom ezinxulumene iimbophelelo sigma, athom hydrogen ngoko ezi zihlanganisi alikwazi ukufakelelwa. Alkanes basabela halogenation ngokugqibeleleyo, nitration, cleavage. Ngexesha halogens halogenation ngokulula atom ababambeleyo molecule Iperoksayidi alkane. Xa nitriding nitro ngokulula endaweni hydrogen tertiary, kunzima - kwi lesibini nelokuqala carbon atom.

Ngesinyibiliko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ke okubonakalayo ukwenzela ukuvelisa izinto ezahlukeneyo organic. Ukuqhekeka off atom hydrogen ukusuka hydrocarbon ifumile zingafumaneka unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).