Ukuhlelwa aldehydes kunye ukusabela kwabo

Aldehydes kunye ketones abafundi kwiqela of iikhompawundi carbonyl, yaye bamele zinemoletyhule hydrocarbon. Ngamafutshane, aldehydes - a ambaxa carbon yehayidrojini athom, kunye ketones - carbonyl compound kunye kwiintsalela carbon aldehydes. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlanganiswa iqela carbonyl yehayidrojini ekuthiwa iqela aldehyde, kwaye ngokwabo aldehydes kunye ketones - oxidizing ezimbaxa.

Ngaphandle formaldehyde, nto leyo iba ifomu sukube, nazo zonke ezinye iintlobo aldehydes kunye ketones ezi ulwelo mobile ukuba abilayo apho usezantsi kakhulu iqondo lobushushu carbon kunye nenani elifanayo-athom. Hydrogen, eyinxenye ye aldehydes, ebavumela ukuba ukunyibilika ngokupheleleyo emanzini.

Ukulungiswa aldehydes kwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo zintsonkotha kunye kwento yenzeka kunye namachibi hydrocarbon. Uhlobo elula aldehyde ekuthiwa formaldehyde, wafumana xa ambaxa ioksijini methane kunye nezixa ezincinane eziphathekayo yobhedu-zinc. Ukuhlelwa aldehydes kunye ketones kuxhomekeke olune ezahlukeneyo iikhemikhali kunye nenani athom ababandakanyekayo igcwala.

Le asidi leyo afunyenwe emva kokuba khompawundi aldehyde kunye nezinye izinto kokuba carbon zeendawana efanayo. Amagama iimveliso aldehyde kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo amagama ezingenamsebenzi Russian wasebenzisa ukutshatisa igama asidi zokugqibela, eziguqulelwe aldehyde. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amagama abantu aldehydes: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric kunye aldehydes isobutyric. Yaye ngamnye kubo yahlukile enye kwenye inani athom. Ukulungiswa aldehydes kubangelwa ubukhulu becala igcwala ye-alkoholi zaseprayimari. Yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zonke iindlela ezaziwayo soqulunqo iziyobisi.

Acetaldehyde efunyanwa ukuhlanganiswa utywala kunye potassium dichromate, yaye yabanjwa, le nkqubo phantse lonke elabhoratri. Indlela yesibini ngawo uthatha i aldehyde compound yi utywala, ioksijini kunye otyhidiweyo. Platinum Kwiimeko ezininzi, ekubeni le but is intshukumo kakhulu esebenzayo. Uyakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa umgubo ubhedu, kodwa ukusebenza naye nzima ngakumbi. Kuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufudumeza compound obhedu lobushushu eliphezulu.

Indlela abasabela ngayo ioksijini inxaxheba, kungaba waphinda naliphi na inani amaxesha. Xa igcwala ngobhedu mpilo wafumana methyl utywala. Kunye nokulungiselela aldehyde benzoic evela athom halogen, nto leyo sokungamelani imichiza yi hydroxyl.

aldehyde ngamnye iimpawu zayo imichiza, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, usabele kunye nezinye izinto. Ezi abasabela lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela eziliqela, kunye namaqela achaphazelekayo-athom. Okokuqala uqhagamshelwano oxide yesilivere. Xa oxide yesilivere compound, kunye aldehyde, kwaye ngokushushubeza umxube ukuya tube uvavanyo kunokubonwa nokwaleka sisinyithi. Ukuba aldehyde ukongeza oxide yobhedu shushu kwiqondo eliphezulu, oluhlaza kwenze hayidroksayidi ubhedu iba yellow. Oko kukuthi, iyeza aguqulwa ukuya acid. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuba umxube etyheli eshushubeziwe, ekugqibeleni bomvu.

Ukulungiswa aldehydes ngempahla enuka kamnandi, kwaye ingeniso igcwala ixesha elide, kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela elivela kuzo perbenzoic acid.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, unako ukuhlawula ingqalelo indlela aldehyde, ngokuba Cannizzaro basabela. Ngeli reaction, enye molekyuli amabini aldehyde is kuguquka esiti, kwaye eyesibini - umva ukuya utywala. Zonke ezi ndlela ngentla lokupheka aldehydes ngandlel edidayo, kwaye mhlawumbi Akukwazi kumntu ningazi, Noko ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba phantse zonke aldehydes ziyityhefu kakhulu kwaye inokuqokelelana emzimbeni womntu.