Concept Communication. yonxibelelwano imisebenzi. Indima, imisebenzi, eli lonxibelelwano

Unxibelelwano ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yegama - iinkonzo zonxibelelwano, ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukusuka komnye umntu iye komnye. Le ngcamango efanayo kwimeko lombutho kuthathwa njengenkqubo (unxibelelwano unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu: utshintshiselwano iingcinga, iingcamango, ulwazi, iimvakalelo, neenjongo) kunye into (nto leyo ngothotho lwezixhobo zobugcisa zinceda ukudlulisela ulwazi).

iimpawu noNxibelelwano ngolwazi ngokunxibelelana, ngokwasemoyeni ngokunxibelelana, ezilawulayo kunye bakhe boqhagamshelwano. Nakuba kunjalo, abaphandi ngeendlela ezahlukileyo ukuchaza kubo. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda yintoni kakuhle eli ingxaki kunye nendima zonxibelelwano. Siya kunixelela ukuba malunga nemisebenzi yale nkqubo.

Inkqubo yonxibelelwano kunye nendima yawo

inkqubo Communication ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi oluthe lwenziwa phakathi kwabantu ababini okanye nangaphezulu. injongo yaso kukunika ukuqonda kunye nokudluliselwa lolwazi, eziyiyo mxholo exchange.

Thina ukukhupha nowamkela ulwazi ukuze:

• ukwazisa nabanye abantu malunga nento ethile (umzekelo, i ukukhululwa cofa okanye teletext);
• silumkise abanye (bakhale okanye imiqondiso yendlela);
• ukuchaza into (textbook);
• abanalo (iqale okanye bhalo);
• ubani akholwe (ubiza nantoni ipowusta);
• ukuchaza into (kwebali okanye obubhalwe).

Le njongo zonxibelelwano. Njengenxenye yale nkqubo, inkoliso yabo iza kuba ezininzi. Umzekelo, umboniso unakho ukwazisa kunye ukonwabisa, kunye nokuthintela kunye ukuchaza nokucacisa.

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano

Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba sonke kufuneka unxibelelwano na neemfuno zentlalo na umntu okanye iqela. Umntu uza kungena kwinkqubo zonxibelelwano ukuze likwazi ukwanezisa iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko. Ngoko ke, ezi njongo zonxibelelwano ngasentla ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu ezisisiseko. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:

• basinde;
• izidingo;
• ukusebenzisana nabanye;
• nokugcina ubudlelwane;
• Sikhuthaza nabani ukucinga okanye benze izinto ngendlela ethile;
• umbutho imibutho kunye nemibutho zibe iyunithi eyodwa;
• ekusebenziseni igunya phezu kwabantu (ingakumbi, i-promotion);
• kubonakaliswa banga kunye nohlobo ubugcisa;
• ulwazi jikelele kunye namava lwethu ngayo (oko sicinga ngathi, into esiyikholelwayo, indlela yokunxulumanisa abanye, oko kuyinyaniso).

lweemfuno zabasebenzi amaqela

iimfuno zabantu yahlulwe maqela alandelayo:

• kwezentlalo;
• siqu;
• ezoqoqosho;
• zokudala.

Ukulungiselela iinjongo yokuqonda kunye nokucaciswa ithiyori lonxibelelwano, yona ulwazi lwenzululwazi yemithetho ezahlukeneyo yentsebenziswano, abanomdla, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ezentlalo kunye zobuqu iimfuno zomguli thina.

amacandelo oNxibelelwano

Ukuba akukho nokuqondana kufikelelwe, singatsho ukuba unxibelelwano akazange athathe indawo. Kulo kulandela ukuba kule nkqubo indima ebonakalayo eyadlalwa macala mabini. Inkqubo yonxibelelwano imela impefumlelwano ezininzi kunye. A ngamafuphi abo ezinkulu.

lokuxoxa

Communicator, okanye umthumeli - umntu owenza kubekho uluvo okanye iqokelele ulwazi ize yona. Umthumeli ayilo mthombo nje yolwazi. Kwakhona izenzo zakho zokukhowuda imiyalezo ezithwala kunye nolwazi idikhowuda ezifunyenweyo imiphantsi ingxelo. Ukongeza, i-Communicator - umntu onoxanduva ukuze kwakhiwe abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kunye nokudalwa okanye lokukhetha kwezithuba eziphambili.

encoder

Ifayile ekhowudiweyo okanye encoding na uhlobo lolwazi yenguqu Communicator. Kukho i encoding ebhaliweyo ngomlomo.

Oral kukuba ukudluliselwa kolwazi lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ngomlomo okanye non-ngomlomo (kakhulu ebaluleke ngakumbi rhoqo kakhulu ukufumana ithowuni, imbonakalo yobuso, izijekulo, kunokuba amagama kunesiqhelo). Inguqulelo kuba imiyalezo abazizithulu kunikwa umzekelo we enkhowudingi ngomlomo nje. Kulo mzekelo, amagama eziqhelekileyo enkhowudwa ngayo abasebenzi abathile idluliselwe uthunyelwe ezi yindlela okunye.

esephepheni ebhaliweyo kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• e, xa zincwadi ziguqulwa zibe iisimboli (0 no 1);
• ezikhethekileyo, xa zincwadi ziguqulwa zibe izandi (umz, worse Code).

Kwaye semithombo channel

Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela into efana ijelo. Oku kuthetha yokudlulisela ulwazi (iintlanganiso, umsebenzi obhalwayo, ngomlomo, iminxeba, iingxelo, izaziso, uthungelwano lwekhompyutha, imeyile yeletroniki, njalo njalo. D.).

Le idikhowuda (zokucazulula) luhlobo soguqulo lomyalezo receiver. Le yindlela efanayo nendlela asetyenziswa encoding, kuphela kulo mzekelo zisetyenziswa kwicala umva.

Izithintelo kunye nemiqobo

Ukudluliselwa kolwazi esenokubangela imiqobo kunye nemiqobo. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo kuwo: ubudala, ezentlalo, isigama, ubuhlanga, iilwimi, uqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ukukwazi ukufumana kumamkeli ulwazi, ingxolo, iingcinga, ukusilela ubugcisa, kunye nabanye.

Khona, isiphumo unxibelelwano, impendulo

Destination (umamkeli) - lo mntu lowo umyalezo yenzelwe, apho etolika. Ngenxa yoko unxibelelwano ukufumana nokutolika lo myalezo. Ke ekugqibeleni, impendulo - ukuba impendulo kumamkeli umyalezo.

umsebenzi wonxibelelwano

Ukususela kwimihla Aristotle iinkcuba ziye zaphawula ukuba inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngazo ngokwayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela iimeko zangaphakathi nangaphandle esingqongileyo, obhengezwe kunye neenjongo yokwenene zamaqela, inani labathathi-nxaxheba, ubuchule neendlela sokubulala, njl njl ixhomekeke kuhlobo. umsebenzi yonxibelelwano kufuneka sizimisele kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani lezinto nefuthe kuyo. Inkqubo eyiyo zokuthumela imiyalezo, nkqu isiganeko enye yokunxibelelanisa, maxa wambi ukudibanisa imisebenzi emininzi. Kulo mzekelo, omnye okanye ababini kubo zibaluleke kakhulu, kubalulekile. Unako kwakhona uthethe ngayo le misebenzi zonxibelelwano, bebambisene bonke, oko kukuthi, malunga nendima yawo ebomini kuluntu kunye ngamnye.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umsebenzi wonxibelelwano uyazimela kuphela ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye isicelo okanye uhlalutyo. Umzekelo, ukuba kuyimfuneko kwimisebenzi kokubonisana na. model Intsebenziswano nga kwakhiwa ngokujonga apho umsebenzi eziziiprayimari kwaye - kubaluleke yesibini.

models zonxibelelwano

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iincwadi zemfundo kunye nobungcali sele efunde ixesha elininzi imifuziselo zonxibelelwano. Inkoliso yabo uyazichaza abaphandi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Noko ke, uAristotle ecetywayo wokuqala onobuhle ezaziwayo. Ngokusekelwe kunokwenzeka ukuchaza imisebenzi, umsebenzi zonxibelelwano kunye nokubaluleka kwayo. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, "ubuciko" yaye "Poetics 'ubolile thaca umfuziselo ilandelayo:" isithethi-ngumphulaphuli-it. " Wabonisa ukuba umfuziselo classical kubantu bonke, njengokuba ibonisa ngokupheleleyo nesenzo yonxibelelwano zombini iifom ezibhaliweyo ngomlomo.

Kunjalo, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20, xa baqalisa ukuphuhlisa imithombo efana umboniso, unomathotholo, umabonakude, imodeli classic sele iguqulwe kancinane. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, kunye nophuhliso lweteknoloji computer, ukudityaniswa jikelele lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, le modeli kufuna olunzulu ukutyhilwa kwephupha elo. Kwakhona abaphandi senze umsebenzi ukuchaza imisebenzi esisiseko zokunxibelelana nabantu abaninzi.

model Jacobson

Ngokuka RO Jacobson, xa imodeli esebenzayo komsitho yokuthetha okanye unxibelelwano inxaxheba umthumeli umamkeli. Umyalezo ezihambe ngayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya wesibini. Lo myalezo ibhalwe yi khowudi. Kulo mzekelo, Jacobson umxholo inxulumene nenyaniso ukuba uhlobo umxholo lo myalezo kunye inkcazelo ethunyelwe kubo. ingqiqo contact inxulumene nomba kulawulo zonxibelelwano.

imisebenzi Communication Jacobson

Ngokutsho imodeli Jacobson kaThixo, imisebenzi zintandathu zilandelayo:

• ekhululekile (imvakalelo) ezinxulumene ne addresser, leyo evakalisa kwawo kumxholo intetho;
• connotative, ebonisa kujoliswe kuyo, ifuthe iphambili kwi interlocutor;
• referentivnaya (cognitive, denotative) Supply umxholo kwaye njengesalathisi into kwisemantiki ukuba imelwe kumyalezo;
• enkondlo (buciko), ezaziphathelele umyalezo, iyenza imodeli yemihla zabantu zobugcisa ngamazwi;
• metalinguistic, nto leyo ehambisana nomgaqo yomyalezo ezosulela, ukuqonda kwakhe interlocutor, intsingiselo echanekileyo;
• phatic, nto leyo sibhekiswe kumfowunelwa, ukulungiswa rhoqo lomfowunelwa, kunokuba ezintsha womyalezo okanye nangokusulela kwayo.

Ukudluliselwa kolwazi echaphazela ukuziphatha kunye nezenzo yomntu, indlela yakhe, imeko yehlabathi wangaphakathi kunye nentlangano yakhe. Kweli nqanaba, kwaye eminye imisebenzi zonxibelelwano. Thina enomdla nkcukacha zenkqubo kuxhomekeke yokuba ngoncedo yayo indalo ngengqondo abantu banxibelelane nabanye.

Noko ke, ukuba abantu kuphela nako ukungena kule nkqubo? Njengokuba sibonile ngentla apha, othile, siya kuqwalasela ingqikelelo yonxibelelwano. imisebenzi yayo njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngentla, ezendeleyo kunxibelelwano yabantu. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba uqhagamshelwano na kwenziwa kuphela kwihlabathi yabantu. Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane kunye neyantlukwano yayo.

Iindidi zonxibelelwano

Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo waphawula nje kuphela phakathi kwabantu. Communication kwakhona uphawu isilwanyana (ulwimi iinyosi, capercailyes, imidaniso ukusukelwa yeentaka) kunye neendlela, okt izinto zadalwa ngumntu (iimpawu yogutyulo, imibhobho, yomnxeba kunye yocingo, ezothutho). uhlobo olulodwa sokunxibelelana ngisho kwindalo ezingaphiliyo. Umzekelo, kuliwa phakathi kwezityalo ezithile.

Ngokukodwa, yomnga Afrika, ilahle iikhompawundi enzyme kokusingqongileyo, ngokutsho kwenye Acacia indlulamthi lokuhlasela odla Kuphendula iinkuni. Amagqabi emithi, ukufumana olu lwazi ngokukhawuleza bafumana umgangatho, ngokwemiqathango sesilwanyana okufana ukutya ngobubi bawo. le nkqubo ingentla luphawulwa imisebenzi ephambili zonxibelelwano kunye neempawu zayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba linokuchazwa yi kota umdla kuthi.

kanye Ingcamango indima, iimpawu zonxibelelwano, siya ngokufutshane. Le nkcazelo ingasentla ibonisa iinkalo eziphambili nesihloko.