Yintoni na maxesha: inkcazo. Oko esifunda maxesha?

Umntu ngamnye Uyabubona sicatshulwa kwexesha. Stars kunye iiplanethi ukusuka kwindalo, lo monotone iwotshi avuthuze isingqi sakhe, ngamnye wethu uhamba kancinci epasejini kwexesha. Ukuqonda ukuxhomekeka kwethu kuyo, abantu wasungula ezininzi iindlela, kunye neenkqubo inani, ezinceda ukuba ukuhlela ukufumana. izifundo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nezibalo, physics, chemistry imbali bekungenakuba kwenzeka ngaphandle onjalo inzululwazi ngqo, njengoko maxesha. Mhlawumbi ndithi njalo, yaye kusekho nezinye izifundo apho iingcali zenzululwazi phambili kakuhle. Ngoko ke, yintoni na maxesha yaye kutheni Kwathi phezulu? Inkcazo eli gama inokufumaneka ngezantsi. Ukongeza, ngokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufumana nazi ukuba ufunda maxesha, baqiqe, yintoni ubalo intembeko, ixesha engcono banikwa izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu yakutshanje.

Yintoni na maxesha? definition

Ubalo (ngokoqobo "inzululwazi ixesha") - le layini zophando, ezichazwa ulandelelwano lweziganeko kwimbali. Oko ufunda maxesha kweenkulungwane nje isayensi? Uchaza ilinganiselwa ngayo ixesha. Kukho ingcamango yokuba 'zemathematika (ngeenkwenkwezi) ubalo-maxesha. " Le maxesha igxininisa ngokukodwa kwizikhundla ukutshintsha zamaqumrhu zasezulwini. Ubalo Astronomical zehlabathi ukufunda amaxesha ezimangalisayo, amalungiselelo kwaye uzihlele. Noko ke, amaxesha amaninzi phantsi kwe maxesha abonisa ukulandelelana kweziganeko zembali. Eyona nto ephambili apho ukufunda maxesha - eli xesha. Noko ke, yintoni na?

Yintoni na ixesha?

Njengokuba besesitshilo ekuqaleni, ixesha baya- kuchaphazela bonke abantu, kodwa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo na umntu ntoni na? Kuyabonakala ukuba akunjalo. Njengoko kwisithuba engenasiphelo wendalo iphela, kuye kube nzima ukuqonda ingqondo. Ukuba ixesha linokuyithelekisa emlanjeni, ngoko ke yena ukuqala phi? Apho oku kuyaphela ukugeleza? Enye into siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo; yena usoloko ezama phambili. Kunzima ukuyiqonda, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo kwaye ziququzelele iziganeko kumsinga kwexesha. Ubalo-isifundo kwezi zakhiwo. Ukuhamba ngexesha onokuthelekiswa yezithuthi emotweni kwemali ngendlela enye. iibhasi kunye neelori ukukhawulezisa zisenokwahluka, kodwa kukho into azifumani futhe, - kukho indlela yokuhamba. Elidlulileyo elizayo zisoloko ude uthinjwe ngumfazi iingqondo zabantu, kodwa eyona nto Kusemandleni ethu - kodwa ngoku. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba ngaba iyasetyenziswa, ngoko simile kwixa elidlulileyo, kwaye asikwazi ukwenza nto ...

Yintoni na le elidlulileyo nelizayo?

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na maxesha (kwenkcazelo esiye ezinikwe apha ngentla), kubalulekile ukuqonda oko elidlulileyo nelizayo. Ixesha elidlulileyo - kuba yinto azifumani futhe, kuba imbali. Njengoko amanzi kulophisela phantsi nasemaweni ezibukhali kwaye uyaphulele emhlabeni, akunakwenzeka ukuba babuye umva, kwaye ixesha ukuguqulwa ize ukuze flow kwicala elinye kuphela. Elidlulileyo - isihloko, leyo uphonononga inzululwazi yethu. Ubeka ngendlela ethile iziganeko, ukuba itywina, andisayi ukutshintsha isimo sayo. Ikamva elahluke gqitha ukusuka ngaphambili. It akafuni kuthi, iimpukane kuthi, kwaye ixesha isicwangciso asifumaneki ukuba maxesha de kube ngoku.

Njengoko kulinganiswa ne ixesha

Ubalo Historical kunokwenzeka ngaphandle reference iingongoma zinceda ukubala ixesha na. Namhlanje, iyunithi lixhaphakileyo lomlinganiselo ngamathuba wexesha wotshi. Kodwa kufuneka uvume ukuba kukho iimpawu elikhulu ixesha elide yasekwa kwabo babeka ekuqaleni yonke into. iplanethi yethu rhoqo kugxile axis ayo ngeenxa inkwenkwezi kwinkqubo yethu - ilanga. Ehlabathini nganye iiplanethi, Hewana zabo egxininisa zethu - iNyanga. Zonke ezi zinto zasezulwini lihamba ngokuchanileyo emangalisayo. Kunjalo ke malunga atom izinto ezithile. Kubonakala ukuba yonke indalo - yinto ikloko enkulu, apho amawaka ezigidi zezigidi kunye ezigidi iinkwenkwezi, izinto ezo ezifana amagiya enkulu, ukulinganisa sicatshulwa kwexesha. Ngaphambi kokuba abantu basungule inzululwazi xesha, kukho inani elikhulu leenkwenkwezi neleeplanethi elilinganisiweyo ezingabonakaliyo ngaphandle indima yawo.

Yintoni na maxesha zichanekile?

Kokufaka ixesha systematizing iziganeko ezidlulileyo, abantu benze ezininzi iimpazamo. Asikwazi ukuya umva kwaye yokuphenya abo baphila amawaka okanye kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngoko ukuze enze izigqibo ekunene, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube uphando oluninzi kunye ngabembi bezinto. Ngenxa ndlela yenzululwazi, ungafunda okuninzi, kodwa kukho amaxesha eliphikisa phakathi mbali bezinto zakudala malunga ulandelelwano apho kwakukho iziganeko ezithile yaye apho ngokubanzi kufuneka uqale ukubala. Cinga iingongoma ezimbini ezingundoqo zomboniso ekhoyo kwi yophando lwenzululwazi kule nkalo.

Timeline: mvelo

Izazinzulu babambelele imfundiso yokuzivelela lubonisa ukuba ukuphila emhlabeni sele ekho iminyaka engaphezu kwe-4.5 billion, kwaye umntu ehlabathini, amakhulu amawaka okanye ezigidi zeminyaka. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu, nto leyo ibonisa ukufakwa izazinzulu kwemvelo - le inzululwazi, ayisiyo.

• Prokaryotes (kwiminyaka eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 edlulileyo).
• Eziphilayo ukuze akwazi ukuvelisa photosynthesis (iminyaka emi-3 billion eyadlulayo).
• Eukaryotes (iminyaka billion 2 eyadlulayo).
• eziphilayo Multicellular (kwiminyaka billion 1 eyadlulayo).
• Arthropods (eminyakeni million 570 eyadlulayo).
• Iintlanzi lokuqala (nama. Kwiminyaka million 490 eyadlulayo).
• Izityalo zokuqala (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi 470 eyadlulayo).
• Ezi zinambuzane lokuqala (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi 400 eyadlulayo).
• Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi 350 eyadlulayo).
• Izirhubuluzi (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi 300 eyadlulayo).
• Ezincancisayo (iminyaka engaphezu kwama-million 200 eyadlulayo).
• izidalwa eziphaphazelayo (iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150 eyadlulayo).
• Ekutshabalaleni iidayinaso eziphila (kwiminyaka yezigidi-65 eyadlulayo).
• Gqibezela Human Evolution (ngaphezu kwama amawaka-200. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo).
• Kokufa Neanderthal yokugqibela (ngaphezu kwama-25 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). Kwafika Igama evela entilini, ibekwe eJamani, apho wafumana Amanxiwa lwenkawu abekwa. Yonke le thiyori kunqabile ingqalelo zizazinzulu ngenxa yokungabikho ezafunyanwa eziphathekayo ngabembi bezinto, kwaye ngeenkwenkwezi Fred Hoyle wathi ukuba akukho bungqina bokuba kwinqanaba lophuhliso Neanderthal owawusezantsi kuthi.

Ukuzimisela lomba ubudala kulingwa radioactive

Noko ke, loo maxesha wobomi ayibonakali zizazinzulu ezininzi ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa ukubola radioactive yimpazamo enkulu. Ingxaki kukuba isantya ngayo ngaphambili wabumba carbon yayahlukile. Esebenzisa le ndlela, ukufumanisa kakuhle into ixesha ixesha unxulumene kwisifundo esithile yafunyanwa zakudala, kuphela ukuya kwiminyaka emibini okanye amawaka amathathu BC. e. Iziphelo ezibangelwa uphando kweemaleko aphantsi komhlaba, kungekhona ukuze alungiselelwe omthembileyo.

New Ubalo (Ubalo yeBhayibhile)

Kutshanje, a lot of iinzululwazi uyavumelana noluvo lokuba uluntu kuphela nje amawaka ambalwa eminyaka. Kwincwadi yakhe bayahlelwa Umhlaba wathi kwiminyaka emithandathu kuphela okanye anamawaka asixhenxe eyadlulayo, kwakukho zempucuko ekuhambeni kwexesha esintwini. Kodwa ngumphandi British Malkom Maggeridzh wathi kuthelekiswa izimvo zazivelela oko kubhalwe kwiGenesis (kwincwadi yokuqala yeBhayibhile), kuvakala kusengqiqweni. Ke wongezelela ukuba le ncwadi yamandulo ubalisa ibali abantu yokwenene zembali neziganeko wathabatha ngokwenene ndawo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ekutyhaleleni ithiyori enjalo, hayi isekelwe phezu izibakala, ngenxa ungalawulekiyo eqhelekileyo yabantu yaye ngokuqinisekileyo baya kusimangalise kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ingxelo yefosili ibonisa ukuba zonke iintlobo khange abonakale ixesha elide, kwaye ngequbuliso, ngexeshana elifutshane. Ukongeza, zonke iingxelo zembali, eyenziwe ngabantu, umhla emva kweminyaka eliwaka embalwa edlulileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho uxwebhu olubhaliweyo kwafumaneka, nemikrolo amatye, okanye nantoni na enye into eyayiza kubonisa ukuba abantu baphila kwi uMhlaba kwizigidi zeminyaka. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo zakudala yeBhayibhile eqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo izigqibo zobunzululwazi.

Izizathu uqhuba maxesha

Yintoni na isiseko maxesha kwexesha, nto leyo ebalwa ngokungqinelana kunye ezifunyanisiweyo ngasentla? Bakhetha ukuba kwimbali yoluntu kuphela nje amawaka ambalwa eminyaka, nokuba iziganeko yebhayibhile azenzeki, ingadala ubungqina. Umzekelo, uyakwazi ukuthelekisa maxesha kwezinye inzululwazi, nto leyo nayo kugxila kwixesha elidlulileyo - kunye Ezolimi. Neengcaphephe aphanda imbali iilwimi, zithi zonke iilwimi zamandulo kwakukho isakhiwo kakhulu ezintsonkothe ngaphezu yangoku, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Oku uphikisa ithiyori ye-lwenkawu, okuthiwa akwazi ukubeka amagama amabini kunye, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe bafunda ukuthetha. ingenzeka njani emnqakathi enkulu kangaka yengqondo?

ngosuku olubalulekileyo

Le maxesha kweziganeko isekelwe mihla ezingundoqo inqununu. Ngawaphi imihla ebalulekileyo yembali? Le loqalo lwencopho, iziganeko kwikhalenda, ukuchaneka nokuthembeka ayikho kwamathandabuzo. Ukuba sinakho ulwazi, ngoko lula ukubeka ixesha lezinye iziganeko sifunda kumacwecwe odongwe, ostracon okanye misongo yeBhayibhile. Cinga nje ngomzekelo mhla. Thatha ukutshatyalaliswa kweBhabhiloni, amaMedi namaPersi, ikhokelwa ngu nguKoreshi. Ukusebenzisa umlando lukaNabonidus, ababhali-mbali baye bafumanisa ukuba esi siganeko senzeke ngomhla we-Oktobha 11 539 BC. e. Okanye, ukuba abale ikhalenda kaGregorian, Oktobha 5 waloo nyaka. Ukusebenzisa iimbekiselo in the Scriptures ngesi siganeko, ungenza ngokulula thelekisa iziganeko zembali kwaye sibone apho sele kukho ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo okhankanywe kwiTestamente eNdala. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba amisele umhla wokuqalisa koMkhukula Enkulu, okanye imbonakalo abantu bokuqala. Apha ngezantsi kukho a maxesha abantu ngokutsho kweBhayibhile.

Le maxesha iZibhalo kunye mbono

• 4026 BC. e. - ukudalwa abantu bokuqala.
• 3096 BC. e. - kokufa kuka-Adam.
• 2970 BC. e. - ekuzalweni kaNowa.
• 2370 BC. e. - Flood.
• 2269 BC. e. - ukwakhiwa kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli.
• 2018 BC. e. - ukuzalwa Abraham.
• 1600 BC. e. - Egypt luya lusiba nochatha kwaye abe negunya ehlabathini lonke.
• 1513 BC. e. - imveliso amaSirayeli eYiputa.
• 1107 BC. e. - ekuzalweni kaDavide.
• 1037 BC. e. - Ekuqalekeni kobukumkani lukaSolomon.
• 632 BC. e. - ekuthatheni elikomkhulu laseAsiriya iNineve.
• 607 BC. e. - iphulo noloyiso waseBhabhiloni ukumkani uNebhukadenetsare nxamnye noSirayeli nokutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem.
• 539 BC. e. - bamba waseBhabheli amaMedi namaPersi.
• 2 BC. e. - ukuzalwa kukaYesu Kristu.
• '29 BC. e. - ekuqaleni ubulungiseleli bukaYesu Kristu (lweminyaka 3.5).
• '33 BC. e. - ukufa kukaKristu.
• '41 BC. e. - wabhala iVangeli yokuqala kaMateyu.
• '98 BC. e. - bagqiba ukubhalwa kweBhayibhile.
• 1914 n. e. - ekuqaleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ukutshintsha inkqubo wekhalenda.

Uninzi zeziganeko zembali axhaswa imbali yale mihla. Abembi bezinto zakudala abaninzi basebenzisa iBhayibhile reference elungileyo yokwemba. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko besesitshilo, uthelekiso kunye nemihla ezingundoqo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nganye kuzo. Ufundo umba kwenza kucace ukuba maxesha enjalo. Icacisa oko maxesha echanekileyo amanga umphandi - umntu esifunda imbali.

Ukusebenzisa amanxeba - BC okanye BC. e.

Ngokusekelwe kuluhlu, owawubona ngasentla, sinako ukuza kwenye kwisigqibo ukwazi. Ukuba Iisus Hristos wazalwa kunyaka 2 BC. e., ukusetyenziswa izifinyezo, nto leyo ke kaninzi ezazisetyenziswa ngaphambili, ezifana "AD" yaye "BC" engalunganga. Kwakhona, uKristu ayikwazanga azalwe kunyaka 0, kuba loo yayingekabikho. Xa ophele nge-1 BC. e., ngoko nangoko waqalisa unyaka-1, n. e. Isibakala sokuba isifinyezo "phambi kukaKristu" ayingqinelani ukuya kumhla langoku ukuzalwa kukaYesu, wayengomnye izizathu zokuba engasekho kusetyenziswa. Kwakhona kuyenzeka, ukunciphisa amabinzana ukuba 'BC "yaye" AD "wabonwa njengoko ngakumbi esesikweni yokufunda.

Indima ye-Julian kunye iikhalenda Gregorian embalini

Abantu benyuka ngekhalenda kuba lula ixesha nokubala. Ngenxa yoko abantu beze nala olubhalo? Xa intliziyo neekhalenda ngokuqhelekileyo babeke ngezimanga zendalo ezifana intshukumo iiplanethi kunye namaxesha onyaka. Kubonakala ukuba uhlelwe kuphela indlela nexesha kudala ekuthini uhlobo,. Thelekisa nekhalenda ezimbini ezaqanjwa ngabantu - le khalenda Julian esekwe Yuliem Tsezarem, kunye Gregorian. Le yokuqala iye yaqaliswa ngo-46 BC. e. Yena wajolisa kwi ilanga yaye zathathelwa indawo ikhalenda kwenyanga. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iminyaka emithathu waba iintsuku ezingama-365, yaye zonke wesine - 366. Ikhalenda waba nempumelelo kwaye iye yasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. New Ubalo of Russia, eYurophu naseMelika, enhle. Kutheni ke ngoko kwafuneka ukuba anikezele? Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye kwacaca ukuba lo ngokwendlela yokunombola wayengafezekanga. Ngokwekhalenda uJulian, unyaka ubude bayo nge 11 imizuzu ibe elanga ngakumbi. Le khalenda UJulian ayisa kubonwa "Ubalo omtsha": Russia sifanelekile kakuhle, kodwa kwinkulungwane XVI ababeyiqwebile ezininzi iintsuku ezilishumi extra, leyo kwafuneka enze into. Imbuyekezo, ikhalenda Julian ngu uPopu Gregory XIII khalenda Gregorian. Ngokwale ubhalo entsha, i-akhawunti wasikwa iintsuku ezilishumi kwangaphambili. Ukongeza, ezi pundits isigqibo sokuba kwiminyaka sitsibe iyaqwalaselwa loo minyaka yamandulo, inani zamakhulu leyo liyohluleka ngenani ezine.

Ubalo lenzululwazi: njani kuchaphazela thina?

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo maxesha. Inkcazo kunye into ukufunda inzululwazi kuchaziwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Siyathemba ukuba abafundi bethu baya baqonde ngcono ukubaluleka ukuhamba ngexesha iindlela kuyo kulinganiswa. Ngokusekelwe kubungqina asanelanga, sakwazi ukubona ukuba loo maxesha ezinikezelwa yi ingcamango yendaleko, akuthethi ukuhlangabezana izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu mihla. Ukucamngca ngeengxelo wenzululwazi, abaninzi ngoku bayaqonda ukuba ubukho bakho kweli hlabathi ayikho lide kakhulu, njengoko ndacinga ngaphambili. Ukongeza, iphepha lethu kuyanceda ukufumana kwimbali yophuhliso imbali isayensi, ingakumbi ukuyilwa kanye ukuguqulwa ixesha ukubala, umnqweno wabantu kuba ngcono okuqhubekayo, "ithombo ixesha." Ngenxa yoko, ingqalelo izibakala sisiqinisekise ukuba loo ncwadi njengoko iBhayibhile zokubala ixesha uthembekile kwaye yendalo - izijikelezi kunye neenkwenkwezi - echanileyo ngaphezu naliphi ezaqanjwa ngabantu. Ngaba ubalo njenge inzululwazi Ayibonisi ukuba kukho umntu ukususela ekuqaleni kuye yonke into kangangokuba bakwazi ukuthatha ixesha? Kwaye musa esizithandayo ifowuni ngokwayo kunye incomprehensibility kwexesha? Enyanisweni, lo maxesha zembali - inzululwazi umdla, izifundo ezo kuphela esandisa imimango zethu, kodwa likuvumela ukuba ukukhangela ngaphaya komkhusane kwembali.