Iintlobo iimikroskopu: inkcazelo, iimpawu eziphambili, izabelo. Kwemikroskopu yahlukile ukukhanya?

Igama elithi "microscope" nesinempandla zamaGrike. It iquka amagama amabini elithetha "ezincinane" yaye "look." Indima ephambili izigidi kwisicelo sayo xa ucinga izinto ezincinane kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, le fowuni ikuvumela ukugqiba ubungakanani kunye imilo, isakhiwo kunye nezinye iimpawu ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama, kule nombolo yomnxeba.

History of indalo

ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga ngubani na Umsunguli neemicroscope, hayi imbali. Ngokutsho kwezinye data, oko kwakhiwa 1590, uyise nonyana Janssen, iinkosi kuba amanqaku zemveliso. Enye Olwa ngenxa isihloko Umsunguli neemicroscope - UGalileo Galilei. Ngowe-1609, le izazinzulu ithiwe thaca kwi-obusisixhobo iilensi phakathi kwaye khaxa ziyaxhonywa loluntu Accademia Dei Lincei.

Kule minyaka le nkqubo ukuze kuqwalaselwe izinto ezincane yaye kuphuculwe. Inyathelo elikhulu kwimbali yawo yaba umnqwazi ngokuvelisa doublet elula achromatic nyenyisa isixhobo. I kuqaliswa kulo nkqubo umDatshi Kristian Gyuygens ngasekupheleni 1600s. Lenses abaqambi sele kwimveliso namhlanje. kuphela ethile yabo kukunqongophala ububanzi yentsimi umbono. Ukongeza, xa kuthelekiswa izixhobo yezixhobo mihla Huygens lenses babe nendawo kuchithelwe amehlo.

igalelo ekhethekileyo imbali neemicroscope wenza nomvelisi izixhobo ezinjalo, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 gg.). Yaba nguye arhola ingqalelo zebhayoloji kule yunithi. Leeuwenhoek awayeyenza iimveliso ubungakanani amancinci-, mayixhotyiswe lens enye, kodwa enamandla kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinjalo kuye ubenetloni, kodwa hayi kabini iziphene umfanekiso abafumanekayo neemicroscope ezimbaxa. Ukulungisa le ngxaki, nabasunguli bakwazi kwiminyaka 150 kuphela kamva. Kunye kuphuhliso eziphuculweyo enombala zikumfanekiso wobunjani yamacebo ahlanganisiweyo.

Ukuphucula iimikroskopu kuyaqhubeka unanamhla. Ngoko ke, ngo-2006 oosonzululwazi German asebenza kwi-Institute for iFuthe Chemistry, Mariano Bossi kunye Stefan Hella latest microscope enombala yasungulwa. Ngenxa ukukwazi ukubona izinto kunye nemilinganiselo 10 NM kunye ezikumgangatho ophezulu-ntathu isixhobo 3D-umfanekiso ebizwa nanoscopy.

iimikroskopu yokuhlela

Okwangoku, kukho iindidi ngeendidi izixhobo siqulunqelwe ukujongana-amancinci ngobukhulu izinto. kudweliswe wabo wenziwa ngokusekelwe ezahlukeneyo iparameters. Lo isenokuba ukutyunjwa ngemicroscope okanye indlela eyamkelekileyo izibane, isakhiwo esisetyenziselwa sekethe woqondo-njalo. D.

Kodwa umthetho, iintlobo eziphambili iimikroskopu zihlelwa yi ubungakanani imvume microparticles, leyo kungabonwa ngoncedo kwale nkqubo. Ngokutsho kweli candelo, iimikroskopu zezi:
- fiber (ukukhanya);
- electronic;
- X-ray;
- Uvavanyo probe.

Uhlobo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi iimikroskopu ukukhanya. Ukukhetha angayiwayo ezikhoyo kwiivenkile ezamehlo. Ngoncedo zezi zixhobo elisombulula umsebenzi engundoqo isifundo bento. Zonke ezinye iintlobo iimikroskopu ziquka ezizodwa. ukusetyenziswa kwazo yenziwe, njengoko umthetho, elabhoratri.

Nganye kwezi ntlobo izixhobo uye zenyathi yayo, ezithi zisetyenziswe kwindawo ethile. Ukongeza, namhlanje kukho ithuba lokuba athenge ngemicroscope yesikolo (okanye uqeqesho), eyinkqubo ehamba ngonxibelelwano entry-level. It inika abathengi kunye izixhobo zobungcali.

isicelo

Kutheni ufuna i ngemicroscope? Iliso babantu, ukuba inkqubo eyodwa enombala lwe eziphilayo iye kwinqanaba elithile isisombululo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho ubuncinane bomgama phakathi izinto babona xa anokukwazi Kuyabonakala. Ukuba neliso eqhelekileyo imvume enjalo kwisithuba 0,176 mm. Kodwa ubungakanani iiseli izityalo ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana, Cya, aluminiyamu crystal emincinci, intsimbi kunye m. P. ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneli xabiso. Njani, ke, ukuba ufunde kwaye bagcine izinto ezinjalo? Apha ukunceda abantu beze kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo iimikroskopu. Umzekelo, izixhobo uhlobo enombala ukuvumela ukwahlula isakhiwo, apho umgama phakathi iziqalelo kukho ubuncinane 0,20 microns.

Njani na neemicroscope?

Isixhobo ngalo iliso yabantu uba uviwo zikho izinto ezincane, iye izinto ezimbini eziphambili. Zezona lens eyepiece. Idatha ezisisigxina inxalenye ezihambisekayo ye kumbhobho ngemicroscope, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi kwisiseko metal. Iyafumaneka kunye eqongeni.

iintlobo Modern of iimikroskopu zidla mayixhotyiswe inkqubo ukukhanyisa. Oku, ingakumbi, i ekondensa kokuba iris. iseti uwunikela epheleleyo njerngeglasi zokwenza zixhobo micro makrovinty, ezo ukunyenyisa kabukhali. Uyilo neemicroscope sinikiwe nokufumaneka inkqubo ukulawula indawo ekondensa.

In ezikhethekileyo, iimikroskopu nobunzima kakhulu adla ngokusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo.

lenses

Qala inkcazo neemicroscope angathanda na ibali malunga enye iinxalenye zayo eziphambili, ie lens. Basimisela inkqubo entsonkothileyo enombala, kwandisa ubungakanani sifundo umfanekiso moya. uyilo lens ifaka yonke inkqubo, enye nje kuphela, kodwa ukuqiniswa ngeenyama ezimbini okanye ezintathu lenses.

Ukuntsonkotha uyilo opto-mechanical ezinjalo ixhomekeke uluhlu imisebenzi ekufuneka zisonjululwe kwezinye isixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba iilensi elinesine neemicroscope ezimbaxa.

Ezi lens ziyinxalenye inxalenye ngokungqalileyo yaye, emva kwindlela yayo. Yintoni na isiseko sokwakha umgangatho umfanekiso olufunayo, kwakunye nesimo zokusebenza? Le lens ngaphambili okanye inkqubo. Landela le lens ezifunekayo ukunika ukukhulisa oyifunayo, ubude kunye nomgangatho umfanekiso. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwale misebenzi zifumaneka kuphela ngokusebenzisana ilens ngaphambili. Kufuneka ke ukuba uyilo isiphumo olulandelayo ngobude ityhubhu kunye ukuphakama unit lens.

lenses

La amele yinxalenye yenkqubo optical microscope eyenzelwe ukwakha imifanekiso ezinqwenelekayo kakhulu kwi retina kumphezulu mkhanyo iliso. amaqela amabini lens yinxalenye yale eyepiece. Kufutshane iliso kuthiwa umphandi iliso, kwaye ekude - entsimini (ngoncedo ilens yakha umfanekiso yento wafundela).

inkqubo lokukhanyisa

Neemicroscope inika zokwakha oluntsonkothileyo diaphragms, nezipili kunye lenses. Kunye enikelweyo ukhanyiso uniform yento phantsi isifundo. Kule iimikroskopu yokuqala, lo msebenzi lwaqhutywa imithombo ukukhanya bendalo. Njengoko ukuhambela phambili izixhobo ezisebenzisa ziye isicelo isipili ekuqaleni tyaba, uze phakathi.

Ngoncedo lwe nkcukacha reyi elula ukusuka elangeni okanye isibane mayibhekiswe into yokufunda. Xa inkqubo iimikroskopu zokukhanyisa mihla ugqibeleleyo. Siqulathe ekondensa nombuthi.

isigaba

amalungiselelo ezincinane efuna ukufunda, zibekwe endaweni ethe tyaba. Eli nqanaba. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze iimikroskopu ukuze banikwe umphezulu zakhiwe ukuze into zokufunda ziya aze ajikeleziswe kwindawo entsimini umbono we-mkhanyo tye, nkgqo okanye kwinkalo ethile.

isimiso ukusebenza

Kwinkqubo lens isixhobo enombala yokuqala wanika umfanekiso umva izinto ezincinane. Oku kwenza ukuba ubone isakhiwo mba kunye neenkcukacha ezincinane, ebe zichatshazelwe sifundo. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo neemicroscope ukukhanya namhlanje iyafana umsebenzi ethwele kweteleskopu eliyinjubaqa. Kule fowuni, ukhanyiso refracted xa edlula inxalenye yeglasi.

njani kwandisa iimikroskopu ukukhanya eliphezulu? Emva kokungena umqadi wokukhanya reyi isixhobo Nguwuphi zazo zibe ngaxeshanye. Kuphela ngoko ke refraction zokukhanya eyepiece, yaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa umfanekiso izinto ezincinane. Ngaphezu koko, le nkcazelo iya kwi ekunene ukuba mkhanyo ngohlobo lwayo analyzer olubonakalayo.

Zenyathi iimikroskopu ukukhanya

Modern izixhobo ezisebenzisa zihlelwe:

1. Ngokutsho uphando eklasini ukuntsokotha, umsebenzi kunye nesikolo ngemicroscope.
2. Xa isicelo ukuya zotyando, yebhayoloji kunye nobugcisa.
3. Xa iintlobo microscopy yabonisa zombane, isigaba umfowunelwa, uze nokwehlukana ezibengezelayo-ukukhanya zesini.
4. Xa kwicala wobhobhozayo ukukhanya omfusa kunye ngqo.

iimikroskopu electron

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuba isixhobo silungele iimviwo izinto ezincane iya zintsonkotha ngakumbi. Kukho iintlobo enjalo iimikroskopu, eyasetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, elizimeleyo umgaqo yokusebenza refraction ukukhanya. Xa ukusebenzisa iintlobo yakutshanje inxaxheba izixhobo ze-elektroniki. nkqubo yenza kube lula ukubona namalungu amancinane enjalo lunezinto Ihamba ngeenxa kwimitha ukukhanya nje.

Kutheni ufuna uhlobo ngemicroscope elektroniki? Ngayo, ukufunda isakhiwo molecule eziseleni namanqanaba subcellular. Kwakhona, izixhobo ezo zisetyenziswe kwisifundo iintsholongwane.

Ezinamandla device electron

Yintoni amanga isiseko yamacebo bamuva iimviwo izinto ezincane? Kwemikroskopu yahlukile ukukhanya? Ingaba kukho nayiphi na phakathi kwabo na kwihi?

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo neemicroscope electron isekelwe phezu kwiipropati kufuneka amasimi zombane kunye ngemagnethi. lohlukanisa lwabo ukujikeleza liyakwazi ukunika isiphumo egxininisa imiqadi electron. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kunokwenzeka ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "Le kwemikroskopu yahlukile ukukhanya?" Kweli, ngokungafaniyo isixhobo woqondo, akukho lens. indima yazo eyenzelwe kakuhle amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane. Zidalwa engathi of jiko apho yangoku yhuu. Ukongeza, ezi nkalo senze ngathi ilensi ziyahlangana. Ngokwandisa okanye ukunciphisa iyunithi amandla ngoku etshintsha umgama focal.

Ke yona ingqiqo, ngoko ke kwemikroskopu kuyafana kwiskimu kweyunithi ukukhanya. Umahluko ubuxoki kuphela ukuba izinto optic indawo efana zombane.

Ukunyuka electron iimikroskopu into yenzeka ngenxa refraction yenkqubo umqadi ukukhanya, acandacanda into phantsi isifundo. Kwigophe ezahlukeneyo imitha ngenisa ilens moya njongo, yaye apho kukho ukukhulisa lokuqala isampulu. Ngaphezu koko, le electron kudlule umendo lens eliphakathi. Itshintsha luhamba ukunyusa ubungakanani into. Lo mfanekiso yokugqibela izinto unika ilens projektha. Ukusuka umfanekiso wakhe iwela kwiscreen ezibengezelayo.

Types of iimikroskopu electron

iintlobo yanamhlanje njerngeglasi zokwenza zixhobo ziquka:

1. Nkqubo okanye transmission electron ngemicroscope. Kule izixhobo xifaniso mncane kakhulu, wehla waya 0.1 microns zamafu, siya kwenziwa ngayo into impefumlelwano electron umqadi ukuya kweziyobisi ekujoliswe kunye nokwanda lens nemagnethi ise-lens.
2. SEM, okanye scanning electron ngemicroscope. Esi sixhobo ivumela ukufumana umfanekiso wobuso nge Isisombululo ophezulu ngokomyalelo neenanometer eziliqela. Xa usebenzisa iindlela ezifana ezongezelelweyo microscope ovelisa iinkcukacha ukunceda ukumisela ubume eekhemikhali layers kumphezulu.
3. Itonela ukuskena electron microscope, okanye STM. Ngesi sixhobo Walinganisa isiqabu kumphezulu conductive kunye nokugqama lwesithuba. Ukusebenza, lo STM ngenaliti ezibukhali zesinyithi inikezelwa kwento phantsi isifundo. Ngelo xesha ukugcina umgama angstroms nje ezimbalwa. Okulandelayo, inaliti incedwa encinane amandla, ngoko kukho Lwe yangoku. Kulo mzekelo, mkhanyo ifumana umfanekiso-ntathu yento phantsi isifundo.

Iimikroskopu "Leeuwenhoek"

Ngowe-2002, eMelika, inkampani entsha elungiselelwe ukuvelisa izixhobo zokukhanyisa. Uluhlu neentlobontlobo imveliso yalo iimikroskopu, yerediyo kunye zizibonakude. Zonke ezi zixhobo lwemifanekiso high quality.

Isebe ofisi elikomkhulu kunye nophuhliso inkampani ibekwe USA, ku Frimonde (California). Kodwa njengokuba amandla yemveliso, ukuba e China. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba inkampani ubonelela emarikeni iimveliso eziphambili kunye high quality ngexabiso elifikelelekayo.

Kufuneka ube ngemicroscope? Levenhuk kubingelela ukhetho efunekayo. Uluhlu kweenkampani izixhobo optic izixhobo zedijithali kunye zebhayoloji ukwandisa into efundwayo. Ukongeza, umthengi ezinikezelweyo kwaye models design, wabulawa ngemibala ezahlukeneyo.

Kwemakhroskophu Levenhuk has olutheni functionality. Umzekelo, isixhobo uqeqesho entry level inokuba sidityaniswe kwi computer, yaye uyakwazi ukwenza izifundo videotaping. Kule modeli lixhotyiswe kunye Levenhuk D2L olusebenzayo.

Le nkampani inika iimikroskopu zebhayoloji kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Le yinkqubo elula, yaye izinto ezintsha eziya lufanelane iingcali.