Covalent bond

Kuba okokuqala ezifana ingqiqo nje ekhemisi covalent bond wathetha emva kokuvulwa Gilbert Newton Lewis, ngubani wachaza ulwalamano njengoko elihle kwezentlalo, le electron ezimbini. izifundo Okuninzi kutshanje wazichaza covalent bond siseko. Ilizwi ukuze ingqalelo covalent chemistry njengokuba nakho inxalenye atom ukuba ubuhlobo obuluqilima kunye nezinye atom.

Nanku umzekelo:

Kukho athom ezimbini iiyantlukwano zincinane electronegativity (C no CL, C kunye H). Ngokuqhelekileyo, le athom, isakhiwo iqokobhe electron leyo ngokokwakheka kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba electron iqokobhe zegesi egalelwe.

Xa ezi ezibanda nuclei umtsalane ezi athom kwisibini electron, eqhelekileyo kubo. Kulo mzekelo, amafu electron musa nje zilala, njengoko ubuhlobo ionic. Covalent bond inika uqhagamshelo olukhuselekileyo ezi athom amabini kukuba loxinano electron ukuba kuphindwe kwaye amandla nkqubo itshintshiwe, nto leyo ibangwa "elirhoxisa" emajukujukwini internuclear omnye electron ilifu enye atom. Le zidlulela omkhulu efanayo kwamafu electron, uqhagamshelwano uthathwa ixesha elide ngakumbi.

Ngenxa yoko, ulwalamano covalent - imfundo, ezivele ngenxa ngokwasentlaweni sobabini electron anesibini athom ezimbini.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto kunye efestileni molekyuli ukhandwa ngokuzikhanyeza covalent. Uphawu isakhiwo molecule kukunyibilika kwaye abilayo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ukunyibilika amanzi amahlwempu Unikezelo lombane ephantsi. Ngoko siyakwazi ukubona ukuba ubume isiseko izinto ezifana germanium, lesilicon, chlorine, hydrogen, - ibhondi covalent.

Iipropati ukuba okufana olu hlobo compound:

1. Saturation. Phantsi kwale impahla ngokuqhelekileyo iqondwe njengoko nani liphezulu obuchopho bakwazi ukuseka atom ezithile. Oku kumiselwa isixa inani lilonke lezo orbitals kwi athom ezinokuthi inxaxheba ekubunjweni iibhondi imichiza. Le valency ye atom, kwelinye icala, ziya kumiselwa inani sele zisetyenziselwa le njongo orbitals.
2. Orientation. Zonke atom badla ukwenza luthando olomelele kunokwenzeka. amandla eliphezulu ifunyanwa kwimeko kuqondana orientation lwendawo zamafu electron ezi athom ezimbini, njengoko ezilala phezu kwezinye. Ukongeza, ukuba ipropati covalent bond njengoko orientation iphembelela ilungiselelo lwendawo le molekyuli kwezinto eziphilayo, oko unoxanduva "imilo zejometri 'zabo.
3. Polarizability. Kulo indawo esekelwe ingcamango yokuba kukho uqhagamshelaniso covalent kweentlobo ezimbini:

• polar okanye non-macala. Unxibelelwano olu hlobo ukuze ube atom kuphela kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye abo electronegativity utshintshatshintsha kakhulu, okanye kwiimeko apho elahluleleneyo asymmetrically isibini electron iyonke.
• nonpolar covalent iqhina kwenzeka phakathi athom carbon, lo electronegativity apho cishe ngokulinganayo, kunye nokusasazwa electron mninzi kwaba iyunifomu.

Ukongeza, kukho iimpawu ezithile ubungakanani covalent iqhina:

• Le amandla yokubopha. Le parameter ephawula ulwalamano polar ngokwemiqathango ngamandla alo. Phantsi amandla lwenzelwe umlinganiselo ubushushu into efunekayo ukuze ndibutshitshise uqhagamshelwano phakathi athom ezimbini, kwakunye mali ubushushu ukuba sele inikezelwe ku- zabo.
• Phantsi ubude bond kunye chemistry molekyuli ibhekisa ubude umgca phakathi eziba ezi athom ezimbini. Le parameter ephawula amandla bond nayo.
• Le dipole mzuzu - angamthengisela olwahlula ezichaseneyo ye iqhina Valence.