Chemical ekwakheni ubuhlobo kunye umgaqo nokubunjwa kwayo

Chemical bond - zako ingqiqo oluxandileyo, kwasekwa ixesha elide esekelwe kwiimfundiso neengcinga malunga isakhiwo atom. Ngoko ke, kwiinkulungwane XVI -XVII baba usaqala ukuchaza ukufana kwemichiza esekelwe imfundiso corpuscular. UBoyle wacinga ukuba amandla ka ekudibaneni kwemichiza okuqhuba kuqondana amasuntswana uhlobo lock-ezingundoqo, t. E. athom ukuba "ukuhamba" yaye "baqonda 'ukwenza izinto ezintsha. Kamva, kwinkulungwane XVIII. indawo ingcamango ngoomatshini kuza onamandla, nto leyo lweli Newton. Wayekholelwa ukuba unobangela ukufana kwemichiza na amandla yomtsalane of ngamandla ezahlukeneyo. Ekhulwini XIX. Iqala xesha electrochemical. Ngeli xesha, ekhemesti waseJamani Kekule wacebisa ukuba Valence lilingana nenani athom neentambo imichiza. Ukusebenzisa le steel ngoluvo imele ifomula noshowo le molecule e apho oodwi ezimiselwe imixokelelwane imichiza. Yaba zonke ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ingcaciso ingcamango "unxibelelwano kwemichiza", oluthi luqokelelane ngokupheleleyo kuphela emva kokufunyanwa electron. Kuye hypothesized ukuba emveni ukuba izinto zenziwe ukuhamba okanye ukududulelwa elektroni ukusuka kwenye atom ukuya kwenye. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo ingcamango zenzululwazi ozinzisiweyo kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa esithi ngokuzikhanyeza wemichiza ukhandwa impefumlelwano elektroni kunye nuclei ze-athom eziyinxalenye yale iimolekyuli.

Chaza uhlobo lonxibelelwano yekhompyutha iza kunceda i-atom hydrogen. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iqulethe electron omnye unpaired, nto leyo lokuqala kwinqanaba amandla. Xa athom ezimbini hydrogen womnye kubo iqalisa ukuba nomtsalane electron ongundoqo omnye, kunye vice versa. Mezhuyev atom intsebenziswano kwenzeka, umgama phakathi kwabo unciphisa, le ingaka ibatsalayo efanayo kulinganiswa yi isizathu le nuclei. Le molecule, ethe nje kwasekwa, loxinano electron inyuswe. Ezi amafu ezimbini elektroni amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo ukuba zakha ilifu omnye molecule elektroniki. Ngamafutshane, ulwalamano yemichiza kusisiphumo na ukungqubana orbitals electron-athom ezahlukeneyo ngenxa impefumlelwano electron unpaired.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke atom abasebenzisana. Ngoko ke, musa zilala phezu kweqokobhe electron iigesi, egalelwe ngamanye ukuba siqhubeke sizinzile. Ngokusekelwe ulawulo uqulunqe le octets ka Lewis, nto leyo ithi zonke atom izakhi gqithisela lwedabi badla ukutshintsha uqwalaselo iqokobhe electronic elikufutshane igesi egalelwe, okanye ukuthimba anike electron.

Substances abakhoyo iintlobo ezininzi zonxibelelwano. Ngoko ke, kukho ionic, ebuntsimbi, covalent, donor-acceptor. Umzekelo, iikhemikhali lib zesinyithi ukho kuphela izinto zalo. Oku akhiwa bahlehla electron 1-2 atom nganye, ngamanye amazwi, amasuntswana ezikufutshane ngala "zahlulwe" elektroni, nto leyo ibe uhlobo zejeli. Ngaphakathi kule nokusingqongileyo ion yesinyithi ezikhona.

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, oko kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ulwalamano yemichiza yi yokusebenzisana phakathi athom, olwenzeka ngokutshintshiselana elektroni okanye utshintsho ukusuka kwenye amasuntswana eziziziqalelo eziphathekayo ukuya kwenye.