Amava ukusasazeka Rutherford kwamasuntswana alpha (short)

Ernest Rutherford - le yenye wabaseki iimfundiso angundoqo isakhiwo yangaphakathi ye atom. Uzalwa Scientist eNgilani, kwintsapho abafuduki abasuka eSkotlani. Rutherford umntwana yesine kwintsapho yakhe, ngelo yaba ngexesha elifanayo ukuba zezona ngcali zinetalente. Igalelo ekhethekileyo wayekwazi ukwenza kwithiyori lwesakhiwo atomic.

iingcamango zokuqala malunga isakhiwo atom

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phambi kokuba kubanjwe imifuniselo edumileyo uRutherford, ukusasazeka kwamasuntswana alpha, lubalaseleyo ngelo xesha ingcamango isakhiwo atom yaba umfuziselo Thompson. Le Scientist wayeqinisekile ukuba intlawulo ezintle kubenge- ugcwalisa yonke ivolyum atom. Electron kakubi ityala, Thompson wacinga, kuthiwa lichaphazela kuwo.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze revolution lwezenzululwazi

Emva kokushiya isikolo, uRutherford njengoko umfundi zezona ngcali zinetalente wafunyaniswa £ 50 uqeqesho olungaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko wakwazi ukuya ekholejini eNew Zealand. Okulandelayo, a iimviwo mphengululi kwiYunivesithi Canterbury waza waqalisa nzulu ukufunda physics kunye chemistry. Ngowe-1891, uRutherford wenza ingxelo yakhe yokuqala malunga nesihloko "The Evolution of izinto." It yakhethwa ingcamango okokuqala ezimbalini ukuba atom sisigqeba entsonkothileyo.

Ke alawulwa yi ingcamango wayeseDalton ukuba athom ezi ayahlukahlukenanga ngezangqa zenzululwazi. Abo ngeenxa Rutherford, ingcamango yakhe wayebonakala kakhulu ngamageza. Isazinzulu Young asoloko ukuba uxolo koogxa ngenxa yabo "izinto." Kodwa kwiminyaka eli-12 kamva, sekunjalo uRutherford ikwazile icala labo. In uRutherford ithuba lokuba aqhubeke uphando yakhe Cavendish Laboratory eNgilani, apho waqalisa ukufunda iinkqubo ionization lomoya. Ukufunyanwa yokuqala uRutherford baba alpha beta imisebe.

ukubona Rutherford

Ngokufutshane malunga lokuvula onokukuxela oko: ngo-1912, uRutherford kunye nabancedisi bakhe experiment yakhe edumileyo - amasuntswana alpha ophuma umthombo phambili. Bonke amasuntswana ngaphandle kwabo sibonakala wendele ilothe, zihamba ijelo esisigxina. stream yazo emxinwa isehlo kwi maleko ubhityileyo alumuniyam eliqinileyo. Le ntambo nkqo ukuya sheet. Amava Rutherford ukusasazeka ngamasuntswana alpha wabonisa ukuba abo ngamasuntswana kucanda noxwebhu ngefoyile ye ngokuthi, benjenjalo ukumemeza scintillation wabangela kwikhusi.

Le umfanekiso iye isale ngento eyodwa uba xa wawabetha i yamasuntswana alpha. Isithuba phakathi inwebu igolide kunye nomkhusane yazaliswa vacuo ukuya amasuntswana alpha bagcwele emoyeni. Loo ifowuni ukuba abaphandi ukuba bagcine amasuntswana athe saa nge-engile ° 150.

Ukuba ngefoyile ye engasetyenziswa njengento sisithintelo kwavela amasuntswana alpha, nesisitheliso kwasekwa isangqa eliqaqambileyo scintillations. Kodwa nje ngaphambi kokuba abeke umqadi ube mnye ukungakwazi igolide, umfanekiso itshintshile. Ukuqhambuka wabonakala kuphela ngaphandle kwale isangqa, kodwa kwelinye icala le-alumuniyam eliqinileyo. Amava Rutherford ukusasazeka ngamasuntswana alpha yabonisa ukuba uninzi amasuntswana kugqitha ngefoyile ngaphandle utshintsho olubonakalayo necala.

Noko ke, amanye amasuntswana ukuba baphambuke yi imo yekona enkulu kangangoko, kwaye nkqu aphoswe umva. Kwi nganye-10 000 abapase ngokukhululekileyo ngokusebenzisa umaleko amasuntswana zegolide enye kuphela ngefoyile ye kuphambuka yi-engile kuma-10 ° - nje ngaphandle omnye amasuntswana baphambukile kwi-engile.

Isizathu amasuntswana alpha siphambukile

Yintoni iinkcukacha ingqalelo nezingqinekayo umkhondo irekhodi Rutherford - isakhiwo atom. ekwindawo ebonisa ukuba atom ayikho imfundo eqhubekayo. Uninzi amasuntswana kudlula ngokukhululekiyo ngefoyile ye atom enye ububanzi. Yaye ekubeni ubunzima kwamasuntswana alpha phantse 8000 amaxesha ezinkulu kuno ubunzima electron, le yokugqibela wayengafumani anefuthe elivakalayo isikhokelo kwamasuntswana alpha. Oku kungenziwa kuphela xa kukho nucleus atomic - umzimba ubungakanani encinane, iye phantse bonke ubunzima kunye yonke kagesi ye atom. Ngelo xesha ke yesayensi ebalulekileyo intuthuko yaseBritani. amava kaRutherford yenye amanyathelo ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso inzululwazi yesakhiwo engaphakathi atom.

Ezinye ezifunyaniswe ezifunyenwe ngethuba isifundo atom

Ezi zifundo baba ubungqina ngqo ukuba isigxina ezakhayo atom kukuba yaseburhulumenteni. Lo mmandla ithatha indawo encinane kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa kubungakanani bayo. Lo mqulu encinane uchithachitha amasuntswana alpha yabonakala amathuba kakhulu. Abo amasuntswana abacandayo kufutshane ngumongo atom, avavanywe nokuphambuka ezibukhali endleleni; kuba amandla lilisikizi phakathi kwisuntswana alpha kunye isiqalo atomic baba esinamandla kakhulu. experiments uRutherford, ukusasazeka amasuntswana alpha wabonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuba kwisuntswana alpha ufumana ngqo kwi kernel. Noko ke, ukuba nokwenzeka yayincinane kakhulu, kodwa hayi zero.

Kwaba kuphela kukuba ubonakala amava Rutherford. Ngokufutshane wafunda isakhiwo atom kunye noogxa bakhe, owenza inani ezinye yezinto ezibaluleke. Ngaphandle ufundisa ukuba amasuntswana alpha ezi nuclei helium limaxhaphetshu.

Le Isazinzulu wakwazi ukuchaza isakhiwo-atom, apho nucleus ithatha yinxalenye encinane ngumthamo opheleleyo. amalinge zakhe ziye zabonisa ukuba phantse isigxina iphela atom kuqwalasele ngaphakathi ezingundoqo yayo. Xa oku kwenzeka zombini ezi meko nokuphambukiswa alpha-amasuntswana kunye amatyala yokungqubana abo nucleus.

Imifuniselo imodeli kaRutherford wenyukliya ye atom

Ngowe-1911, uRutherford emva kokuba uphando olwenziweyokwakunye ndacebisa imodeli yesakhiwo-atom, koko wathi a iplanethi yethu. Ngokwale ndlela, kukho amalungiselelo ngaphakathi engundoqo atom equlethe phantse yonke ubunzima kwisuntswana. ukuhambisa elektroni emhlabeni ngumongo ngendlela efanayo njengoko wenze iiplanethi ujikeleza ilanga. Of iseti yabo ebizwa ngokuba yi-electron efini. Atom Kwakhona unalo siziindleko cala, njengoko amava Rutherford.

Ulwakhiwo atom kwixesha elizayo Wezazinzulu ogama Niels Bohr. Yaba nguye lowo waphucula mfundiso Rutherford, ngenxa yokuba kude Bohr imodeli langa ye atom waqalisa ukumelana neengxaki ingcaciso. Njengoko electron ihamba phakathi ngumongo ngendledlana kunye ukukhawulezisa ethile, kungekudala kufuneka kuwela yingxenye ye atom. Noko ke, Niels Bohr wakwazi ukungqina ukuba imithetho ubucukubhede yamandulo akukho ayisasebenzi ngaphakathi atom.