Imbali ye-injini kunye nesicelo yayo

Ukuveliswa iinjini umphunga yaba kukutshintsha kwimbali yoluntu. Kwafa Ekuveleni XVII-XVIII eminyaka baqala ukutshintshwa umsebenzi wezandla, amavili zamanzi olungasebenziyo njengephiko phezu kweendlela entsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye unique - iinjini umphunga. Kuyinto ngenxa kubo baba kunokwenzeka zobugcisa kunye mveliso revolution, kunye nenkqubela lonke uluntu.

Kodwa owasungula injini? Ukuze abantu kunyanzelekileyo ukuba? Kwathi ke oko? Yonke le mibuzo kwaye sizama ukufumana iimpendulo.

Ngaphambi era yethu

Imbali ye-injini lisukela emva zokuqala kwiinkulungwane BC. Geron Aleksandriysky wachaza indlela eyaqala ukusebenza kuphela xa oko kwabuchaphazela izibini. Le fowuni yi ibhaluni, ezibe esisigxina umlomo. Ukususela nemilomo tangentially phandle umphunga, ngaloo ndlela ebangela luvo ku gqiba nge. Yaba isixhobo yokuqala eyehlayo phezu ngomphunga.

U- Mdali walo lonke injini (okanye mandithi, i-injini) - Taqi al-Din (sobulumko Arab, zenjneli ngeenkwenkwezi). wokusungula baziwa eYiputa ngenkulungwane XVI. Le ndlela iye ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: flow umphunga sibhekiswe ngqo kwi indlela kunye vanes, yaye xa umsi billowed - amaphiko ejikeleza. Into efanayo 1629 waza wanikela injineli Italian Dzhovanni branka. Luncedo zezi izinto yaba ukusetyenziswa ophezulu kakhulu umphunga, nto leyo efunekayo isixa esikhulu wamandla kwaye akazange kufanelekile. Uphuhliso Kumiswe ukususela ulwazi loluntu ngoko yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe akwanelanga. Ukongeza, imfuneko yokusungulwa ndingekho ngokupheleleyo.

design

nokudalwa injini ebengenako de ngenkulungwane XVII. Kodwa kamsinya nje inqanaba strip lophuhliso loluntu iqale, ngoko kwakukho izenzeko yokuqala njengeyabo. Nangona kakhulu ke ngelo xesha andizange. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1663 ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi ipapashwe koonondaba uyile wokusungula, abeyibeke enqabeni Raglan. isixhobo sakhe kusetyenziswa ekukhuliseni iinqaba amanzi ezindongeni. Noko ke, njengazo zonke ezintsha kwaye ayaziwa, le projekthi iye yafunyanwa kunye ukuthandabuza, kunye nabaxhasi malunga nophuhliso yayo engaphezulu wayengekho.

Imbali ye-injini luqala umatshini fyabo paroatmosfernoy. Ngowe-1681, oososayensi evela French Denis Papin wasungula isixhobo ukuba iimpompo amanzi avela kwimigodi. Njengoko kwakungamandla awayeqhuba okokuqala esebenzisa umgubo, yaye ngoko ke indawo ngomphunga. Ngoko paroatmosfernaya umatshini. Igalelo elikhulu ekuphuculeni eyenziwe zizazinzulu ukusuka eNgilani Tomas Nyukomen noTomas Savery. uncedo olukhulu naye self-wafundisa Umsunguli Russian Ivan Polzunov.

A behluleke Papen

umatshini Paroatmosfernaya, ngoxa kude egqibeleleyo, iye itsale ingqalelo ngokukodwa kwinkalo ye imikhumbi. D. Papin imali yabo yokugqibela echithwe ukuthenga iphenyane elincinane, nto leyo benza ukufakelwa koomatshini lwamanzi-ephakamisa paroatmosfernoy ngemveliso yazo. Indlela yokusebenza walala into yokuba, ukuwa ukusuka kumphakamo, amanzi uqalisa spin ivili.

iimvavanyo zalo umtyali-mali olwenziwe 1707 kwi-Fulda River. Abantu abaninzi bahlanganisana ukubona ummangaliso: Thabatha isikhephe umlambo ngaphandle iiseyile kunye amaphini okugwedla. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha uvavanyo kwakukho ingozi: injini liqhuma, wababulala abantu abaliqela. Abasemagunyeni nomsindo kwi umenzi lilishwa zavala kuye nawuphi na umsebenzi kunye neeprojekthi. Inqanawa zathathwa wabatshabalalisa, kunye Papen yena wafa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.

imposiso

Le umkhumbi Papen yaba umgaqo elandelayo. Emazantsi lombhobho kuyimfuneko ukuba athulule imali encinci amanzi. Ngokwawo ibekwe cylinder roaster nto leyo shushu ulwelo. Xa amanzi aqalisa sethumba, lo umphunga ibunjiwe, lithatha, waphakamisa piston. Ukususela kwisithuba ngaphezu piston ngokusebenzisa isivingco ukubagcina ekhethekileyo-ngokwaneleyo. Emva kokuba amanzi aqalisa ubilise nomphunga yawa, kwakudingeka ukuba asuse obuselukhambeni, avale ivalve ukususa emoyeni, yaye esebenzisa yamanzi abandayo ukupholisa udonga njengesilinda. Ngokusebenzisa ngezibini isenzo esinjalo, lowo akwitankana, incitshisiwe, lamiswa phantsi zidle piston kunye womoya ngenxa namandla piston returns kwindawo yayo yoqobo. Ngexesha lentshukumo kwayo phantsi, benze umsebenzi luncedo. Noko ke, impumelelo injini Papin waba negative. injini inqanawa leyo ukuziqhuba kakhulu. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba inzima kakhulu kwaye nzinyana ukuyisebenzisa. Ngenxa yoko, wayila Papen alunakamva ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni.

abalandeli

Noko ke, ayizange iphele apho imbali injini. Emva koko, siya kuba kakhulu ngempumelelo ngaphezulu kwe Papen, wabuguqulela Isazinzulu IsiNgesi Tomas Nyukomen. Uye kudala yafunda imisebenzi langaphambili, ugxininise ubuthathaka. Wathabatha eyona izenzo zabo, wadala 1712 abasebenzi bayo. I-injini entsha umphunga (umfanekiso eboniswe) nezaye ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: cylinder esetyenziswayo ikwimeko encomekayo nkqo, kunye piston. It Newcomen wathabatha emsebenzini Papen. Nangona kunjalo, le ngababini kwasekwa embizeni eyahlukileyo. Ehlabathini piston ndakutywina ulusu ezifunekayo, okunyuke ngokubonakalayo yengxinano ngaphakathi lombhobho zomphunga. Lo matshini nayo iye paroatmosfernoy (amanzi wavuswa zam iindlela womoya). Luncedo xa fyabo ziye ngumsina yayo kwaye kungabi: umatshini "badla" isixa esikhulu amalahle. Noko ke, ukuba iinzuzo bazisa kakhulu omkhulu Papin njengeyabo. Ngoko ke, lisetyenziswa phantse amahlanu iminyaka emiqolombeni nasemigodini. Kuye esetyenziselwe zokumpompa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kwakunye nezithuthi okusula. Tomas Nyukomen wazama ukuguqula imoto yakhe khon 'ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa oko yezithuthi. Noko ke, yonke imizamo yakhe akuphumelelanga.

-Nzulu elandelayo, wathi ngokwayo yaba D. Hull eNgilani. Ngo-1736 waqalisa ihlabathi lakhe fyabo: umatshini paroatmosfernuyu, leyo njengoko injini ezo impellers. uphuhliso yayo iye yaba yimpumelelo ngakumbi kunobo Papen. Ngokukhawuleza eziliqela kwezi mpahla zaye zaveliswa. Zisetyenziswa ubukhulu becala ngenxa kufakwe amaphenyane, iinqanawa kunye nezinye impahla. Noko ke, ukuthembeka paroatmosfernoy umatshini abaswele ukuthembeka kunye neenqanawa baxhotyiswa iiseyile njengoko iyiyo ehamba phambili.

Nangona Hull waba luck ngaphezu Papen, wokusungula kancane ukufaneleka, yaye yanto. Kunjalo kufuneka oomatshini paroatmosfernyh elo xesha kwakukho iintsilelo ezininzi ezithile.

Imbali ye-injini eRashiya

Sesona sisombululo elandelayo eza kuBukhosi Russian. Ngowe-1766, xa isityalo metallurgical kwi Barnaul le injini yokuqala, onikezelwa emoyeni iziko yokunyibilikisa sidalwe ngokusebenzisa imfutho ezizodwa. Yaba ngumdali Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, owathi ngenxa iinkonzo zakhe ezweni lakhe banikwe isikhundla segosa. Umsunguli thaca kwaabo imizobo kunye nezicwangciso 'imoto umlilo' okwaziyo amnike imfutho.

Noko ke, isiphelo wadlala yintlekisa okhohlakeleyo kunye Polzunova: iminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuba idrafti yayo yamkelwa, kwaye imoto ibandla, waye wagula waze wafa losetyenziso - kwiveki nje enye phambi kokuba uvavanyo waqalisa injini yayo. Noko ke, uxwebhu kwakhe kwakonele ukuqalisa injini.

Ngoko ke, ngoAgasti 7, 1766 Polzunova injini laphehlelelwa kwaye ibekwe phantsi komthwalo. Noko ke, ngoNovemba kulo nyaka, wahlukana phantsi. Isizathu sokuba kwibhoyila ukuba iindonga mncane kakhulu, ayenzelwanga umthwalo. Ngaphezu koko, umakhi wabhala imiyalelo yakhe, ukuba lo nguye kuphela ngexesha uvavanyo ingasetyenziswa embizeni. Ukuveliswa kwibhoyila omtsha bekuya kuba lula kuhlawulwa ngaphandle, ngenxa yokuba ukusebenza injini Polzunova iyancumisa. Phezu 1023 iiyure zomsebenzi ngoncedo zesilivere nezakha ngaphezu kweekhilogram-14!

Kodwa ke nangona kunjalo, akukho namnye ukuba balungise isixhobo akazange. Umphunga injini Polzunova etheza uthuli iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 iminyaka yokugcina, lo gama icandelo ihlabathi nto bemi kwaye yaphuhliswa. Kwaye ngoko ngokupheleleyo wachithwa amalungu. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngelo xesha iRashiya iye azikakhuli ukuya iinjini zomphunga.

iimfuno ixesha

Ngelo xesha, impilo kwi ndawo akazange eme. Kwaye uluntu rhoqo wacinga ukwenza ngesixhobo akuxhomekekanga kuhlobo akulinikwanga, uthabathe nxi ulawulo. Ukusuka iiseyile zonke ungathanda ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ukusekwa indlela esisigxina ukuba umphunga exhonywe emoyeni. Ngowe-1753 e-Paris, ukuba wonyuselwa ukhuphiswano phakathi amagcisa, oosonzululwazi kunye nabasunguli. Academy of Sciences wabhengeza ibhaso lokuba nabani na ukwakha indlela ezinokuthi endaweni amandla omoya. Kodwa nangona ezathatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano neengqondo ezifana L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de Lacroix kunye nezinye izindululo ebhadlileyo akukho zikhutshwa omnye.

Kwadlula iminyaka. Kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yezoshishino wayebeka amazwe ngakumbi nangakumbi. Igunya kunye nobunkokheli phakathi kwezinye amagunya ezingaguquguqukiyo ibethwe eNgilani. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, saba umdali UK icandelo elikhulu-isikali, oko waphumelela kwisihloko monopolist jikelele kule shishino. Umba amandla oluqhutywa yonke imihla kuya kubaluleka kakhulu. Kwaye lo injini zadalwa.

I-injini yokuqala umphunga ehlabathini

1784 kwaba iBritani kunye nehlabathi senguquko revolution mveliso. Kwaye umntu onoxanduva oku injineli IsiNgesi Dzheyms Uatt. I-injini, eyasungulwa, waba Osenyangweni-iprofayile kokufunyanwa kwinkulungwane.

Dzheyms Uatt iminyaka eliqela wafunda imizobo, isakhiwo kunye nemigaqo ukusebenza koomatshini paroatmosfernyh. Kwaye phezu isiseko konke oku, wagqiba ukuba ukusebenza kwe-injini kuyimfuneko alinganayo iqondo lobushushu amanzi lombhobho kunye umphunga, apho ungena indlela. Luncedo paroatmosfernyh koomatshini yimfuneko rhoqo amanzi okupholisa lombhobho. Kwaba udidekile kunye ziphele.

I-injini elitsha kwakhiwa ngenye indlela. Ngenxa yoko, lo mbhalo yaba ihempe ekhethekileyo ngomphunga. Ngaloo ndlela Watt yafumana isimo sakhe isigxina ashushu. Abaqambi udale isitya okhethekileyo, nkxu emanzini abandayo (ekondensa). Kokuba ujoyine cylinder ityhubhu. Xa umphunga yenziwa kulandelwa xa lombhobho ngokusebenzisa nogwali, yeyela capacitor kukho aguqulwa wabuyela emanzini. Ukusebenza weni kuphuculo emotweni yakhe, Watt wadala emoyeni kule ekondensa. Ngoko ke, zonke umphunga, edlula lombhobho, incitshisiwe kulo. Ngenxa le ezintsha kwandisa kakhulu ukwanda umphunga, nto leyo ikuvumela ukuba ndikhuphe imali efanayo zomphunga na amandla kakhulu ngakumbi. Yaba impumelelo isithsaba.

Yenziwe ngu le injini zatshintsha yaye umgaqo umoya. Ngoku umphunga lokuqala engena ngaphantsi piston, ngaloo ndlela ngokuziphakamisa, yaye emva koko ngaphezu piston, lisibekele. Zamitha zombini linenxeba kwi intsimbi ukusebenza mechanism ukuba nkqu ngaphambili ukuyiqhuba. A ukusetyenziswa yamalahle olunye-enjini kwaba kane ngaphantsi kune, ngokulandelelanayo, xa oomatshini paroatmosfernyh, waza wafuna Dzheyms Uatt. injini ngokukhawuleza kakhulu waphumelela UK wokuqala kakuhle, kwaye ke lonke ihlabathi.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Emva kokuba ihlabathi wawabetha wayila kaYakobi Watt, waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwezi iinjini umphunga. Ngoko ke, ngo-1802 kwi-UK inqanawa yayo yokuqala isibini - ". Charlotte Dundas" iphenyane koqobo bayo bakholelwa William Symington. Isikhephe wasala usetyenziswa ethwele amaphenyane yi mzila. Indima bendiza enqanaweni wadlala kwevili nesimbo zixhonywe umva. Isikhephe sisihlandlo sokuqala yavavanywa ngempumelelo: amaphenyane ezimbini ezinkulu mfutho neekhilomitha ezili-18 iiyure ezintandathu. Ngelo xesha nye aphazamise ngamandla kunye nomoya. Kodwa wakwazi.

Sekunjalo, yafakwa kwi-joke, ngokuba babesoyika ngenxa amaza eyomeleleyo, ayayilwa phantsi ivili nesimbo, emiseleni uya umehluko. Hi ndlela leyi, "Charlotte," uvavanyo khona, apho ihlabathi lonke ithathwa umdali enqanaweni yokuqala.

Inqanawa yokuqala ehlabathini

IsiNgesi shipbuilder Robert Fulton kunye kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, ndandifuna emkhombeni injini. Kwaye ngoku phupha lakhe liye kunokwenzeka. Emva kokuba kwasungulwa iinjini umphunga uye waba wabangela ukuba imikhumbi. Kunye Messenger of America R. Livingston, abathatha phezu kwicala yemali umba, Fulton waqalisa ngobanjiso emkhombeni injini. Kwagqitywa yenziwe nzima lisekelwe kwingcamango oar basafunda. Ngokutsho emacala sikhephe batsalwe kwiqela emanzini, simulating ezahlukeneyo mnandi. Kulo mzekelo, ingene uze iphazamise omnye nomnye kunye wayaphula. Namhlanje, umntu ngokulula ukuba umphumo efanayo kwenzeka ukuba zonke ezintathu okanye ezine emanzini. Kodwa ngokombono inzululwazi neteknoloji ngexesha kwakungenakwenzeka ukubona. Ngoko ke, abaziinkunkqele waba inzima kakhulu ngakumbi.

Ngowe-1803, wayila Fulton iye thaca ehlabathini lonke. Le umkhumbi kwaba kancinci ngokulinganayo kwi-Seine, iingqondo ezimangalisayo kunye ukuyila izazinzulu ezininzi kunye namanani ka Paris. Noko ke, urhulumente uNapoleon kaThixo bazitshitshisela le projekthi, kunye Abakhi icaphuke kwanyanzeleka ukuba kufuna ubutyebi bakhe eMelika.

Kwaye Agasti 1807 inqanawa yokuqala behlabathi igama "Claremont" apho injini kakhulu ezinamandla eyayibandakanyekile (umfanekiso eboniswe), bahamba Hudson Bay. Abantu abaninzi nje musani ukukholwa empumelelweni.

Kulo moya wokuqala, "i Claremont" waphuma ngaphandle umthwalo kunye akukho ngabakhweli. Akukho namnye wayefuna ukuya kwi uhambo ababekhwele kweso sikhephe umlilo-uphefumlayo. Kodwa endleleni emva, kwakukho umkhweli lokuqala - umlimi wendawo, ngubani imali iidola ezintandathu ukuba itikiti. Waba ngowokuqala kwimbali wenkampani umkhweli yokuthumela. Fulton ngokuba abemaninzi bafudukela ukuba Bobi wanika ubomi ukuhamba simahla kuzo zonke iintlondi zabo.