Dzheyms Uatt - umenzi we-injini

Dzheyms Uatt ngulowo umsebenzi layo luvuthondaba kwi revolution ezoshishino of England kunye nehlabathi. Zenjneli Umsunguli eSkotlani babandakanyeka ekuphuculeni kumatshini Newcomen, ibangela injini yayo wasungula multi-njongo.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Dzheyms Uatt wazalwa usapho umakhi iinqanawa umdali iindlela ezahlukeneyo kaYakobi. Umama wakhe, UAgnes, waye ummeli lentsapho osisityebi, ngaxesha lithile yena wafumana imfundo esemagqabini.

Ukuba zikhanyise abaqambi elizayo sibonakala 19.01.1736, inkwenkwe wazalwa ibuhlungu kakhulu, ngoko ke imfundo yaseprayimari ezifunyenwe ekhaya evela kubazali babo. Umntwana ayikwazanga ukudlala nontanga ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene, ngoko ke ubuninzi bexesha lakhe wachitha kwezemfundo-self.

Njengoko elivisayo, abalawulwa yakhe ayithandayo baba chemistry ngeenkwenkwezi. Kwakhona wayebathanda ukwenza imodeli iindlela awayidalayo nguyise.

Emva kokuba afike kwiminyaka isidanga isikolo samabanga uYakobi wangena yokuzilolonga. Wabonisa impumelelo enkulu kakhulu kwimathematika. Lo mfana uyakuthanda ukufunda yaye eninzi kuwo, wafuna ekuqinisekisweni practice.

Xa kweminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo lo mfana ezilahlekileyo unina wakhe. Oku kuboniswa impilo kunye nemicimbi kayise, ngoko uYakobi kwafuneka ukuzinakekela. umfana kwi nyaka basuka eSkotlani ukuya eLondon ukuba bafunde ubugcisa, waye leyo enxulumene izixhobo yokulinganisa. uqeqesho olusesikweni Wavalelwa iminyaka esixhenxe, kodwa imali evela uYakobi ngokwaneleyo kuphela unyaka omnye. Yena waqala izifundo zakhe imveliso oozilawuli ngekompas. Kungekudala, lo mfundi abasebatsha ukuvelisa zezine geodolity kunye nezinye izixhobo ezingcono.

Kulo nyaka, lo mfana phantse akazange aye phandle. Lonke elo xesha esebenza: kusasa - kwinginginya, nasebusuku - oda. Ngoko ke phakela ngokwakhe. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba akayi ekuluhlu njengoko ungumfundi esemthethweni, phezu yakhe yesitalato kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwi weenqanawa.

umsebenzi wokuqala

Emva kokuphumelela uqeqesho, Dzheyms Uatt kunye nempilo enkenenkene babuyela eScotland. Wagqiba ukuqokelela ishishini kwabo e Glasgow, leyo ukudala nokulungisa izixhobo. Kodwa ke kwafuneka lijongane kunye ezitshatileyo amagcisa, ngubani wamalela ukuba benze kanye lo msebenzi. Isizathu kukuba uYakobi uqeqesho olusesikweni. Ayizange kunceda ukuba ummeli kuphela lweshishini eSkotlani.

Kodwa lo mfana ukhulula ityala. Ngeli xesha kwi-University of Glasgow kwafika izixhobo iqela ukwenza ngeenkwenkwezi. Afuna ingqalelo, kuquka ufakelo. Esebenzisa abahlobo bakhe Friday ufumana ithuba ukusebenza. Wamiselwa inkosi lwezixhobo kwiziko zenzululwazi. Waba ithuba ukudala workshop yakhe.

Esikolweni, uYakobi wadibana noYosefu Black, owafunda chemistry. Master kunceda izazinzulu kuphuhliso ezinye izixhobo yemichiza wakhuthaza ngakumbi yemichiza uphando.

Nge 1759 Watt izinto ziye zaphucuka. Oku lula yi intsebenziswano kunye usomashishini John Craig. Lahlela umsebenzi ekuvelisweni izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokudlala. Umsunguli Income iye kakhulu anda. intsebenziswano yabo yaphelelwa emva kweminyaka emithandathu ukusuka kokufa Craig.

ixesha kwamamdla

injini Newcomen kaThixo sele ekhona amashumi eminyaka. Amaninzi kuso afakwe amanzi. Akukho namnye eyayingazange wazama ukuphucula kuyo. Ukususela ngo 1759 ingcamango isicelo umphunga Watt waba nomdla, kodwa imizamo yakhe aziphumelelanga.

Ngowe-1763, ukuya inkosi wacela ummeli University of Glasgow nesicelo ukuncedisa kutywinwe iintanda layout Newcomen indalo okhoyo. Watt akwazi ukuchitha naye ii-experimenti ezininzi. Wakwazi ukulungisa ubeko uqinisekise kwawo lo matshini. Watt wenze inkqubela kuyilo, kodwa akwanelanga.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Dzheyms Uatt wafumanisa ukuba ungenza injini ogqibeleleyo. Waqalisa ukuphumeza isicwangciso wakhe ebomini. Ngowe-1769 wacel patent wegumbi etywiniweyo ukuba ngamafuphi. Wakwazi ukwakha imodeli yokusebenza esisebenze kulo mgaqo. Ukudala imoto ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo-, akabanga imali. Oku kwamnceda Dzhozef Blek, Dzhon Robak. Iingxaki awuphelelanga apho, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukufikelela ngendlela eyimfuneko ekwenziweni lombhobho kunye piston. Ngaphezu koko, imbuzi, yaba yimali.

Watt wafumana sponsor entsha. Baba Mettyu Bolton, owaba Foundry. Ingxaki ekudaleni itankana Dzhon Uilkinson wagqiba. Impumelelo woqoqosho wokusungula Watt wafumana ngokudala kwinkampani kunye Mettyu Boltonom, esebenze iminyaka emashumi mabini anantlanu, wazisa ubutyebi elikhulu umsunguli.

Watt wayefuna nje ukuphucula umatshini Newcomen, wayefuna ukwenza umfuziselo nge injini jikelele. Yonke imigudu yakhe zikhokelele indlela entsha kumsebenzi we-injini, yena awodwa phantsi kwegama sesindululo-langa. Kungenxa le ndlela waqalisa ukusebenza lo injini yokuqala uJames Watt.

Emva kokuba impumelelo umatshini omtsha waqalisa iinzame ezininzi nokwakha. Kumlo ukuba igama ishishini lakho Watt kunye Bolton kwanyanzeleka ukuba sichithe imali eninzi kwi ukumangalelana. Ngenxa yoko, bakwazi ukulwela amalungelo abo.

Meaning of kokusungulwa

I-patent ukuba injini kaYakobi Watt yabhaliswa ngo 1769. Kolu xwebhu, kwakugqitywa kwelokuba umbhali lomenzi zange benze imoto entsha, kwaye i-injini. Watt akazange aqonde ngokupheleleyo indlela ebalulekileyo elizayo iza kuthettha ukuphuculwa.

Ukubaluleka fyabo sikuko ukuba piston injini ihambisa phantsi kwempembelelo zomphunga. Ngenxa oku kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuba kwandiswe amandla ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukudala uxinzelelo ngakumbi. Kwaba Akusekho mfuneko ukunyusa ubungakanani. Ngenxa fyabo, sinako ukwenza injini, yaye kamva kancinane umkhombe.

ukuqaphela

Kwanasebudeni ubomi umenzi imoto James Watt iye yaguqula ishishini. Akumangalisi ke, yena wonyulwa ummeli ngoluntu ezininzi. Wada wayefuna ibhaso isihloko baron, kodwa ngenqaba.

Company, leyo wonyulelwa Watt:

• Le Royal Society of Edinburgh.
• Ifilosofi Society e Rotterdam.
• Ehambelana Ilungu le-French Academy.
• Lunar Society e Birmingham - kumbutho sikweni ukuba izazinzulu British yiEnlightenment.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Biography kaYakobi Watt sibonisa indlela ubuntu ezahlukahlukeneyo yena. Iyantlukwano yolwazi lwakhe ngokwenene umbhali bamangaliswa Walter Scott, ngubani wayeqhelene umsunguli.

Kwiminyaka bakhe kamva Watt wayenza kumatshini yayo yokuvelisa ukuba bakope imisebenzi oqingqiweyo ezifana imikrolo, eqingqiweyo, kunye nezinye impahla.

Wafa inkosi 19.08.1819, kwi kunyaka asibhozo-wesithathu. Yena wangcwatyelwa Hendsvorte.

Family kunye nabantwana

Dzheyms Uatt, wayila kukho impumelelo kolu shishino, sele etshatile kabini. Umfazi wakhe wokuqala, uMargaret Miller, wafa ngo-1772 emva kokuzala kwakhe umntwana yesihlanu yabo. Kodwa ubomi oqolileyo yasinda abantwana ababini kuphela, ogama njengabazali, uYakobi kunye uMargaret.

inkosikazi yesibini Enn Makgregor ngo-1777. abantwana babo kunye ogama Gregory noVuyiswa.

okunika umdla

Watt wacela ukuba isetyenziswe njengeyunithi amandla ebizwa ngokuba 'ihashe power ". Noko ke, ngo-1882 xa isindululo amaBritane Association of Iinjineli kwagqitywa ukuba zinyule ngeyunithi yombane egameni umsunguli. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ubuchule wenza ukusetyenziswa Watts. Kwaba okokuqala kwimbali zobugcisa.