Biography kunye nemisebenzi uFernand Braudel

Imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi uFernand Braudel lichazwa uphuhliso kuphela French kodwa emhlabeni yesayensi yezembali kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le Scientist yenze revolution wokwenene historiography kunye nomthombo, esigxininisa ukufunda ayikho iziganeko, njengoko wenza ababengaphambi bakhe koogxa bakhe, ingakumbi kuphuhliso imbali xa lilonke, isantya kunye Dynamics nezeenguqu ezenziwa kula iinjongo zentlalo nezoqoqosho yezentlalo. Njengenxalenye yophando wakhe, wafuna ukubonisa imbali ngokubanzi, ayiphelelanga nje ngokubalisa kwakhona izibakala kunye nezehlo. Waba ingqalelo ngamazwe, yaba ilungu umbutho ezifana French Academy, kwaye nabo bakhonza kwamanye amaziko emfundo ezinkulu.

iimpawu ngokubanzi ulwalathiso

Indlela yethu yezophuhliso lenzululwazi yezembali kwinkulungwane yama-20 luqinisekiswa kakhulu yemihla ezisencinane, abameli eyayiqwalaselwe historiography endala positivist outmoded yaye bekwacelwa ukuba ahlawule ingqalelo kungekhona izibakala, kodwa iinkqubo koqoqosho kunye noluntu, apho, ngokwembono zabo, ziyila ibali yokwenene kule xa iziganeko zezopolitiko zangaphandle kunye izibakala - kuphela nokubonakaliswa yangaphandle utshintsho zabo. Igama indlela yaba ukuba imagazini igama elifanayo, eyapapashwa M. Bloch kunye Lucien Febvre. Olu hlelo entsha iye waba ligwiba ngezimvo amatsha historiography French, kodwa ekuqaleni zemihla ngemihla esikolweni abazange babe ukuthandwa ngenxa ukukhonya yenzululwazi positivist.

Ezinye iinkcukacha zobomi

Ikamva odumileyo mbali yokuqala anamathela namasiko alo, imithetho emidala kwaye imbali phando yabhekisela nababusi ngabanye, ababusi, iziganeko zezopolitiko. Kungekudala, Noko ke, wasuka loo migaqo waza wajoyina ithombo yemihla abaselula. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke ukuba uhlahlelo iimbono zakhe, kufuneka uhlale engobomi bakhe ethi, emva zonke iziganeko ebomini bakhe, yaba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso yakhe ngumphandi abadumileyo ngexesha lakhe.

Indawo wokuzalwa mbali - kwilali encinane isisiFrentshi Lotarigii, ophezu nomda eJamani. Wazalwa ngo-1902 yintsapho eqhelekileyo: uyise wakhe wayengumfundisi yemathematika, utatomkhulu wakhe - ijoni kunye nomfama. Childhood mbali elizayo wachitha ezilalini, ngokugcina ubomi babantu eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kulo ihlabathi, iya ikakhulu ukuqinisekisa umdla yakhe amabali ebomini. Yiyo le indawo yokuzalwa, njengoko memoirs lombhali, ibe sisikolo sokuqala kuba kuwo wazisa ulwazi ixabiso nokubaluleka yobomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ngowe-1909, wabhalisa kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi i kwihlomela Paris, yaye emva koko saya kwikomkhulu Lyceum. Ngokutsho le mbali, isifundo wanikwa kuye Kulula kakhulu; yena waba memory elungileyo, ukuba babekuthanda ukufunda, indalo ngobuciko, imbali, yaye ngoncedo ekulungiseleleni kayise kwanokumelana kunye iinkalo zezifundo zezibalo. Abazali bakhe wayefuna ukuba okukhethekile zobugcisa, kodwa ke mbali bajoyine kweCandelo Abantu i Sorbonne. UFernand Braudel, ngathi abafundi abatsha abaninzi ngelo xesha, waba nomdla umxholo revolution, waza yena uzama ukufumana isidanga, khetha umxholo ukuze ithisisi ukuqala kule dolophu, ekufuphi kwilali yakowabo, kodwa ke ezi zicwangciso zange umiselwe ukuba baqaphela.

Sebenza amazwe

Scientist waya Algeria, apho wafundisa ukususela 1923 ukuya 1932. Waye yomfundisi brilliant and sele wazibonakalisa ngutitshala okuqaqambileyo. Xa yakhe, iminyaka baye baba negalelo elikhulu; waba nomdla kakhulu ehlabathini Ngaphambili KwiMeditera, ukuba wagqiba ukunikezela ithisisi yakhe. Ngexesha le minyaka ufundisa kuphela, kodwa ngokunenzuzo kakhulu inxaxheba kwimisebenzi lwezenzululwazi, ukusebenza kunye amaxwebhu agciniweyo. Waba esebenza kakhulu yaye kangangeminyaka eliqela ukuba uyiqwebe isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda ezaneleyo lokubhala uphando. Ngeli xesha, upapasho nqaku yakhe yokuqala (1928).

Guqula kwi sengqondo

Kwimvisiswano malunga nokumiselwa ihlabathi uFernand Braudel gqitha intlanganiso wakhe Lucien Febvre ngo-1932, xa bobabini ndawonye emva kwilizwe labo. Le umhlobo luqinisekiswa kakhulu izinto awohluke zonke iindlela zayo elizayo zenzululwazi. Waba nje kuphela lweli izimvo zesikolo Annales, kodwa umhlobo osenyongweni. Scientist ubambisene iphephancwadi odumileyo, ezithe azachaphazela kamva kwiincwadi zakhe. Isibakala sokuba wanyula ekuqaleni isihloko for nkqubo ithisisi yakhe iNkosi uPhilip II kwiMeditera, leyo wu fanaka kwizithethe historiography positivist, kodwa ke ehamba kuloo mntu yomphathi kwaye injongo ephambili yophando bagqiba ukwenza indawo ibali, ukufunda izinto jikelele kuphuhliso eduze ingqalelo kuqoqosho, isakhiwo zentlalo, uqoqosho. Ngoko mbali French, yaba ngunozala kwicala entsha historiography - geohistory, nto leyo ibandakanya isifundo ngezenzeko zo xhulumaniso lokugqibela uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo uhlobo lwemozulu, iimpawu zomhlaba.

Sebenza eBrazil ngexesha lemfazwe

Ukususela 1935 ukuya 1937 wayefundisa Isazinzulu kwiyunivesithi waseBrazil. Lo msebenzi entsha, wathi, iye yaba negalelo elikhulu, ingakumbi ngengqiqo yenkcubeko. Ekuqapheleni kakhulu ngemvelo, wayekunye umdla liveliest kukubukela ubomi kwindawo enye i iintlanga ezimbalwa kamva uzimisele umdla uFernand Braudel kwingxaki kwavumela impucuko ezahlukeneyo. Kokubuyela ekhaya, yena phantsi kwesikhokelo umhlobo wakhe wagqiba ukubhala ukubhala kwiMeditera, kodwa ngokuhambelana kwicala omtsha, kodwa ekuqaleni imfazwe kunye nomsebenzi we-lizwe zatshintsha abo izicwangciso.

Umbhali-mbali yokuqala alwa, kodwa hayi ixesha elide, njengoko yathinjwa kunye yokutyiwa ibandla lakhe yaye de 1945 sahlala ekuthinjweni. Noko ke, wafumana amandla okuqhubeka. Scientist ukusebenza inkumbulo, abuyisele iirekhodi zawo ezikoovimba kunye ngempumelelo kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Ukongeza, umphandi wakwazi ukuseka ukunxibelelana Febvre, owathi emva ukudutyulwa i awodwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwazo intshukumo abaphikisana intloko kuphela indlela yemihla. Braudel wayevalelwe kwisixeko Mainz, apho kwakukho eyunivesithi, kunye nemiqathango nokuvalelwa amabanjwa empi nto yayinzima kakhulu. Apha wakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe, nto leyo eye ikhuselwe ngempumelelo, emva kwemfazwe, ngo-1947.

I post-imfazwe eminyaka,

Emva kokupapashwa ithisisi yakhe edumileyo "I xhaxhe kunye nehlabathi kwiMeditera yobudala Philip II» umbhali uye waba ngummeli elaziwayo wesikolo omtsha. Ngelo xesha, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokuzimisela ekufundiseni, kwaye ithe yamilisela ayiyi kuphela zezenzululwazi abanetalente, kodwa ngokuba umhleli obalaseleyo. Ngowe-1947, yena nabahlobo bakhe waseka icandelo 6 École pratique des Hautes études, elisuke laba yindawo izinto ezintsha. Emva kokufa Febvre, waba ngumongameli wayo yaye yabanjwa kule sikhundla de kwangowe-1973. Kwakhona waba umhleli kalindixesha walo, waza waqalisa ukufundisa kwi College de France, apho wabubhekisa isebe impucuko yanamhlanje.

Kukuyeka imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni

Noko ke, emva kokuba iziganeko ka 1968 ngo Isiphelo sakhe, njengoko ikamva lizwe, baye utshintsho olukhulu khona. Inyaniso kukuba lo nyaka waqala intshukumo abafundi abaninzi, nto leyo wazuza kakhulu Umda ngokubanzi. Braudel, emva kokubuyela ekhaya, wazama ukuzibandakanya nxaxheba kwi-thethwano, kodwa wafumana eli xesha lokuba amazwi akhe musa ndiwenze inyathelo efunekayo njengoko kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba yena ngokwakhe ingqalelo emele i-science lixesha. Emva kwezi ziganeko, ugqiba ukuba ashiye uninzi wezithuba zabo azinikela kuphela imisebenzi yezenzululwazi.

umsebenzi omtsha

Ukususela ngowe-1967 ukuya 1979 yayisebenza nzima umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo ezinkulu "impucuko Material, uqoqosho kunye nkulu." Wawumisa ngokwakhe umsebenzi ebonakala ingenakwenzeka: ukufunda imbali yezoqoqosho ukusuka 15 kwinkulungwane ye-18. Kulo msebenzi esisiseko ngayo ngokusebenzisa izinto kakhulu nembali wabonisa indlela yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, urhwebo, iimeko eziphathekayo yobukho bomntu. Kwakhona wayenomdla indima abarhwebi ezincedisana, abarhwebi kunye neebhanki.

Ngokutsho sisazinzulu, iimeko zoqoqosho nezentlalo, eziye kwasekwa kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, zibe isiseko-nkqubo, izinto ezo akazange baqhoboshele ukubaluleka kakhulu, ucinga ukuba ikhe yaye ingabangeli ukuba sisazinzulu, kuba wayesoloko egxekwa. Kwakhona, lona lancethezwa ukuba uzama ukubhala ngembali yehlabathi nokwangana zonke iinkalo zobomi, nto leyo kusala engenakwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi omtsha abaphandi wayitshintsha indlela yophuhliso historiography.

Iimbono kunye neendlela methodological

Imbali yobomi bemihla ngemihla yaba yinto ephambili yophando. Kodwa umdla oluthile isisu ixesha ezimbalini, leyo yohlulwe elide (okona kubaluleke kakhulu, esigquma ubukho impucuko), elifutshane (iziganeko lamathuba ngamnye egubungela ubomi ngabantu), kunye nomndilili, ngebhayisekile (equka amahla yethutyana ndinyuka amacandelo ohlukileyo oluntu ). Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, yena wayesebenza ngenkuthalo ukusebenza esingelwe kwimbali eFransi, icandelo le ekuthiwa "Abantu Izinto", apho ke ucazululo olunzulu impilo yabantu, ubomi bakhe awohluke zophuhliso. Kodwa wafa ngo-1985 ngaphandle umsebenzi wakhe de kube sekupheleni.

inani

Indima sisazinzulu kwi historiography ayikwazi nemikhuba. Uye wenza revolution ngokwenene kwinzululwazi, ehamba emva abameli yesikolo Annales yembali izibakala ekufundweni iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho. Waqeqesha kwabeMi abaphengululi, kuquka amagama adumileyo afana Duby, Le Goff kunye nabanye. umsebenzi wakhe waba eliyimbalasane nenzululwazi, kwaye ubukhulu becala kumiselwa indlela yophuhliso lwayo kwinkulungwane yama-20.