Exoplanet - yintoni na le nto? Indlela ukuvula kwaye bafunde exoplanets?

Exoplanet - kwiplanethi lingaphandle wezijikelezi-langa. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo kuye kwafunyanwa amawaka sites efanayo, ingakumbi ngoncedo NASA "Kepler" telescope isithuba.

Exoplanet - ntoni na?

Ezi izinto yesiqalo ziyahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu zabo emzileni. Ezinye zazo planethi ujikeleza kufutshane iinkwenkwezi zabo. Ezinye zigqunywe ngumkhenkce, ematyeni. NASA kunye nezinye ii-arhente ukhangela uhlobo olulodwa kulo mhlaba; ke kufuneka ezifanayo exoplanet Emhlabeni, nto leyo bexakeke inkwenkwezi efanayo ilanga, kwaye ibekwe kwindawo elimiweyo.

Izowuni kwelimiweyo ke uluhlu imigama ukusuka inkwenkwezi apho iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni lowo ngokuvumela ubukho iilwandle lulwelo amanzi, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ebomini. Yokuqala definition zone yayisekelwe lwesilinganiso elula thermal, kodwa izibalo mihla ziquka nezinye izinto ezininzi, r. H. Planet greenhouse emoyeni. Oku kwenza imida ifiphale zone zelimiweyo.

Ithiyori ngemvelaphi yobomi

Nangona exoplanet - kokufunyanwa 1990, iminyaka emininzi, izazi ziye wayeqinisekile lobukho babo. Bona musa nje ukukholwa, kwaye zisekelwe izigqibo zabo kujikelezo olucothayo kwenzondlela Sun zethu kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi.

Izazi babe ithiyori ngemvelaphi yobomi kwisixokelelwano sethu. Ngokufutshane, ilifu ye gas nothuli (ngokuba nebula elanga) phantsi womxhuzulane yayo wawa yaye ayila inkwenkwezi yethu neplanethi. Emva koko, ulondolozo oluqhubekekayo emboxo kwakuthetha ukuba ukhanyiso elizayo kufuneka ejikelezayo ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza. Noko ke, noxa 99,8% kunobukhulu kwenkqubo solar izijikelezi babe 96% umfutho wayo emboxo. Izazi wazibuza ukuba kutheni inkwenkwezi yethu ijikeleza kancinci.

ukukhanya Young waba mhlaba otsalayo ogama imigca amandla wahlatywa igesi disk olephuzayo kuyo wabumba umhlaba kakhulu kunene. Le migca ziye ezinxulumene ne amasuntswana igesi ityala, ze badlale indima iiankile, sehlise ukujikeleza ilanga kwaye enze igesi ojikeleza ukuba ekugqibeleni eyaguqukayo yaba iplanethi. Uninzi iinkwenkwezi phendula kancinane, ngoko ke ngeenkwenkwezi bagqiba ukuba i "elekhtrons magnetic 'efanayo ke, ethetha ukuba kuza kwenzeka ukuyilwa iiplanethi. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukugqiba: ihlabathi kufuneka ukukhangela ezijikeleze iinkwenkwezi Sun-like.

ekuqaleni kwesayensi

Ngenxa yesi sizathu nezinye, abaphandi kuqala athintele khangela exoplanets iinkwenkwezi ezifana iLanga, kodwa ndafumanisa izinto zokuqala ezimbini ngo-1992 yaba Pulsar (ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza yokutyiwa ninjengezikhanyiso abasweleke supernova) ekuthiwa PSR B1257 + 12. I exoplanet wokuqala waqinisekisa Bajikeleza inkwenkwezi (ifoto ethathiweyo kweli nqaku) ezizalisekisa le mfuneko, yavulwa ngo-1995. Loo 51 Pegasi b, ubunzima apho yendebe kunye ubunzima kaZeyus kwaye amaxesha 20 kusondela ilanga yayo ngaphezu Earth. Kwathi njengendlela ukumangala. Kodwa edi- kwenzeka iminyaka esixhenxe ngaphambilana, ngenxa apho kuye kwacaca ukuba uya kuvulelwa exoplanets ezininzi.

Ngowe-1988, iqela lezazinzulu Canadian uyifumene iplanethi ubungakanani kaZeyus, ihamba ngeenxa Gamma Cephei. Kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba orbit lilincinane kakhulu orbit Jupiter kaThixo, baye bathi malunga ubhaqo yokugqibela. Izazi akazange nobuganga lubonisa ukuba zikhona iiplanethi ezinjalo. Yinto eyahlukileyo kangaka ukusuka kwinkqubo yethu ilanga ukuba izazinzulu nanindikhathalele kakhulu.

Ukusuka omkhulu amancinci

Phantse wonke open exoplanet lokuqala - i yupiteropodobny enkulu (okanye ngaphezulu) isigebenga igesi, ejikelezayo kumgama omfutshane ukusuka inkwenkwezi yayo umzali. Oku wachaza into yokuba izazi baye basebenzisa ubuchule yokulinganisa uqina iphiramidi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iqondo "hexe" lenkwenkwezi kwi ukujikeleza umhlaba ngeenxa zonke kuyo. Ngokusondeleyo abekwe akwimiganyana enkulu imizimba yesiqalo na impembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuze kube lula andibhaqwa.

Phambi kokuba xesha exoplanet izinto izixhobo wayenokubala kuphela ukuthabatheka iinkwenkwezi kunye an ukuchaneka ukuya ngekhilomitha yesibini nganye, nto leyo alanele ukubona intlokoma yabo phantsi kwempembelelo iiplanethi. izixhobo Modern bayakwazi ukulinganisa isantya isentimitha ngomzuzwana, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa ukwandisa nokuchaneka kwezixhobo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba namava kwezi ngeenkwenkwezi kuzo ulwabiwo lohlahlo la maza amandla.

dubulo Ulwazi "Kepler"

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezingaphezu kwe-1000 exoplanets kuqinisekiswa bafumanisa satellite enye. Space Telescope, "Kepler" yasekwa ngo-2009 yaye wayezingela iplanethi kwelimiweyo iminyaka emine. Oku usebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba "ukuhamba" - lulinganiselwa ukufiphala iinkwenkwezi xa ndicandayo phambi kwaso into isithuba.

"Kepler" phendla intabalala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iiplanethi. Ukongeza nelamaRafa igesi kunye namaqumrhu iteleskopu ezisentlabathini zanceda ubukho kwiklasi elitsha "super-nemihlaba", imilinganiselo abangaphakathi ubukhulu Earth and Neptune. Ezinye zazo ibekwe imimandla kwelimiweyo iinkwenkwezi zawo, kodwa astrobiologists uyitshekishile i izibalo uku bana phandle indlela kumazwe ezinjalo, ubomi azivelele.

Ngo-2014, ngeenkwenkwezi "Kepler" thaca indlela "yokuqinisekisa ubuninzi", leyo kuthiwa ukunyusa isantya iiplanethi translation ngumviwa imo iqinisekisiwe. Le ndlela isekelwe uzinzo Orbital - iinkwenkwezi ezininzi dims emva kwexesha elifutshane, leyo ibe ngenxa kuphela iiplanethi kwindawo yazo ezincinane, njengoko ingaba inkwenkwezi, babeza kuba ngumxhuzulane behambe omnye ngaphandle kwenkqubo kwisithuba seminyaka kwesigidi embalwa.

nezinye zesithunywa

Nangona Hewana ( "Kepler" kunye French CoRoT), ehamba emva exoplanets, kugqitywe umsebenzi wabo sokuqala, oosonzululwazi nangoku bawuphatha efunyenwe nezi data, ukwenza izinto ezintsha. Kwaye ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi, abayi kuhamba. OLONA kuqhubeka usebenza satellites kunye NASA umYizerelikazi, kwaye Swiss CHEOPS ZIKAPLATO kunye ESA satellite ndiya kuwukhathalela sendleleni evela emajukujukwini kwixesha elizayo. On Earth, lo spectrograph nangemirhubhe imitha-3,6 iteleskopu le Observatory Southern yaseYurophu e Chile ibamba Doppler khangela oscillations obalaseleyo, kodwa ebandakanyekileyo ekuzingeleni kunye nezinye yerediyo ezininzi.

Omnye umzekelo Spitzer i Space Telescope NASA kaThixo. Ekubeni ibe ikwayise iso kwi spectrum infrared, uyakwazi ukubona ubungakanani iqondo lobushushu iprofayile ekzoplanety aze anike ingcamango yokuba umoya wayo.

Of iiplanethi eyaziwa ngaphezu kwama 3,000 kunzima ukumisa ukhetho kwi embalwa kubo. exoplanets eqinileyo Small kwindawo elimiweyo kubonakala ukuba abaviwa best, kodwa izazi bahlule abanye sandisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuyilwa kunye nophuhliso namanye amazwe.

iimpawu zokuqala

51 Pegasi b. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, le exoplanet wokuqala yangqineka Bajikeleza yelanga-uhlobo iinkwenkwezi. Ngesiqingatha ubunzima kaZeyus, luthe lwancothulwa ukusuka kwiziko kwinkqubo kumgama Mercury. Iplanethi usondele inkwenkwezi yayo, apho kunokwenzeka, elinye icala ku kwedatha kolwandle - oko rhoqo ijongene inkwenkwezi.

HD 209458 b. Ekuqaleni yafunyanwa ngo-1999 planet extrasolar (ifoto ethathiweyo kwinqaku), abacandayo ethunyelwayo ngu inkwenkwezi yayo (nangona le ndlela yasetyenziswa Doppler), ilandelwe yi kwezinye kwesayensi. Le yeyona planethi yokuqala ngaphandle wezijikelezi-langa, apho parameters yeegesi luchongiwe, kuquka inkangeleko lobushushu kunye nokungabikho ngamafu.

imihlaba eziphawulekayo

55 Cancri e Le exoplanet -. Le ke yile nto kuthiwa "super-nemihlaba", nto leyo edakasa ngendledlana yayo xa kujikelezwa inkwenkwezi eliqaqambileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze babonakale ngeliso lenyama. Ngenxa yoko, izazi banokufunda inkqubo ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye. "Unyaka" sayo 17 kuphela iiyure nemizuzu 41 (ukuba ifakelwe xa OLONA waphawula indlela isithuba seeveki ezimbini ngo-2011). Mbono lubonisa ukuba 55 Cancri e inokuba atyebe carbon kunye engundoqo nekalikedo.

HD 80606 b. Le exoplanet - umnini kwirekhodi (ngexesha lokuvula kwayo ngo-2001) ngomhla eyinqaba le okuwo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umendo nentshukumo yayo, ezifana komzila enomsila Halley kaThixo, ukuze abe nempembelelo nezinye iinkwenkwezi. Ukongeza, nokujikeleza kakhulu eso ebangela hexa egqithiseleyo kwimekobume yelizwe jikelele.

Bukanomeva-33b. It yavulwa ngo-2011 kwaye uhlobo kwelanga-ebhedini - stratosphere - ethintela yinxalenye yokukhanya ebonakalayo kunye yiultraviolet lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi lomzali. Planet nje ihamba kuphela ngendledlana kwelinye icala, kodwa ebangela kunyuka ukukhanya Iirejista satellite KAKHULU.

amawele Lomhlaba

Kepler-442b. Le exoplanet - ke yile nto kuthiwa "Umhlaba analog." ubukhulu, ubunzima kunye kwithempritsha yayo ulawulo ifana kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Vula ngoJanuwari 6, 2015, oko ibekwe lekroza s kumgama 1,120 ukukhanya-iminyaka. Iqondo phezu kwamanzi ekzoplanety lengxondorha ngu 40 ° C. ubunzima yaso amaxesha 2,34 ubunzima Earth, nondiliseko yi-30% nangaphezulu. Le planethi ngaphandle kummandla apho lokufakwa kolwandle isenzo. Xa iphepha epapashwe ngo-2015 emsebenzini, yena, kunye Kepler-186f kunye 62f, kwathiwa igama umviwa kakhulu iiplanethi ezinokuba kumiwa (bona. Photo).

Exoplanet Kepler-78b. It kugxile kwenkwenkwezi Kepler-78. Xa kuvulwa ngo-2013, umhlaba khulu Earth ubunzima, radius kunye mninzi eliphakathi. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba sendleleni kuphela kwayo ngokuchasene ukukhanya, kodwa ilanga nokukhanya kubonakala ehambelana izigaba Orbital. "Unyaka" ekzoplanety ihlala iiyure 8.5 kuphela, t. K. Ingaba amaxesha 40 kusondela inkwenkwezi ngaphezu umgama ukusuka Mercury elangeni.