Vilfredo Pareto: biography, iingcamango ezingundoqo, imisebenzi emikhulu. Theory of Vilfredo Pareto elite

Vilfredo Pareto (iminyaka yobomi - 1848-1923) - i ngezentlalo wodumo yezoqoqosho. Nguye ngomnye wabaseki kwithiyori izigwili, njengako apho uluntu ngokumila pyramidal. On top of the iphiramidi is elite, leyo kakhulu imisela ubomi kuluntu luphela. Kodwa hayi kuphela uMdali e-worldwork theory eyaziwa Vilfredo Pareto. ngobomi bakhe uya kwazisa ukuba ubomi kunye mpumelelo iphambili yale nofundiswayo.

Origin, ebuntwaneni

Wilfredo wazalwa kwintsapho ezindilekileyo, owayehlala Paris. Utata wakhe waye marquis Italian, abathinjiweyo ukusuka Italy kwi iinkolelo republic kunye melo. Pareto unina uhlanga French. Wilfredo, umntwana kakuhle zombini iilwimi abazali zazo waziva becala Italian, kunokuba isiFrentshi. Ngowe-1850, le ntsapho wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele eItali, kwaye le lizwe kunxibelelene ubomi elizayo Vilfredo Pareto (ebuntwaneni, lokufikisa, yaye inxalenye xesha oqolileyo).

ukubunjwa

Pareto lifumene zombini imfundo yamabanga yobugcisa kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo yamandulo. Kakade phakathi izifundo bakhe baba nomdla kunye utyekelo kwiMathematika. ngoko Wilfredo waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eTurin, i Polytechnic University, emva koko wafumana isidanga sobunjineli. Pareto injalo ngo 1869 ithisisi phezu kwemimiselo kuvuselele of eziqinileyo. ingqikelelo lizama iya kuba ngomnye isitshixo ngezenzo zalo zoqoqosho lwezenhlalo.

Ubomi Florence

Florence waye kwixesha elilandelayo ubomi Vilfredo Pareto. Wamenyelwa apha kwisikhundla njengomqhubi kaloliwe. Emva kwethuba Pareto waba ngumphathi izityalo metallurgical ibekwe kulo lonke Italy. Ngeli xesha umsebenzi wakhe ngokuchasene norhulumente Italian waphum nkqubo ngokusebenzisa izigalo. Pareto siveza iimbono yelizwe yedemokhrasi.

Iziganeko ebomini bakhe

Ngowe-1889, i-Vilfredo watshata Russian wazalwa-intombazana Aleksandre Bakuninoy. Noko ke, umfazi wakhe wamshiya kuye 1901 waza wabuyela eRashiya. Emva konyaka, wahlanganisa ubomi bakhe UJeanne Regis, yena wanikela umsebenzi wakhe eziphambili, ebhalwe ngo-1912 ( "imbali on Jikelele Sociology"). It yapapashwa Florence 1916.

Nolwazi imisebenzi zezoqoqosho Italian, utshintsho kwi iinkolelo

Pareto ngo-1891 baqhelana imisebenzi zoqoqosho ezimbini eziphambili Italian, L. Walras kunye M. Pantaleoni. Imfundiso lwesilinganiso kwezoqoqosho, ziqulunqwe kubo, waba nempembelelo enkulu kwi Wilfredo ihlabathi yaye kamva kwasekwa kwinkqubo yakhe lwezenhlalo. Ngu 90 Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 bobabo ezinjengokwaphuka Pareto iinkolelo. Le Isazinzulu waqala isikhundla kunye conservatism antidemocratic. Kweli thuba ukususela 1892 ukuya 1894 Pareto wapapasha inani izinto zabo ingcamango kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlala e Switzerland

Ngo-1893, ixesha entsha kubomi sisazinzulu Italian. Ngelo xesha, wafudukela eSwitzerland, apho waba unjingalwazi yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko, kwakunye nentloko yesebe kwiYunivesithi yasekuhlaleni Lausanne. Pareto kubekwa L. Walras, kakhulu kwesi sikhundla Economist ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Wilfredo waya umsebenzi wakhe nokuba yesimemo bakhe beze Lausanne. Ngelo xesha, abaninzi Pareto wafunda inzululwazi kwaye ipapashe inani imisebenzi yakhe. ESwitzerland, kwakukho "Ikhosi Economy Political 'yakhe (1896-1897), ebhalwe ngesiFrentshi. Idibene ne Pareto efundisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko ngo-1897 waqalisa ukufunda kwiYunivesithi Lausanne nekhondo yokuhlalisana. Emva konyaka, wafumana karhulumente elikhulu ilifa umalume wakhe. Ngowe-1901 Wathenga villa Pareto "Angora", ibekwe Celina, kunxweme Lake Geneva. Yaba indawo yakhe ayithandayo lokuphumla kunye nomsebenzi. Kwincwadi Paris Pareto "inkqubo bobusoshiyali" yapapashwa ngo-1902 (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

E Milan ngo-1907 wapapasha "I Incwadi of Economy Political" Vilfredo Pareto. Major isebenza ngayo eAmsterdam eninzi notoriety, kodwa ke umsebenzi wakhe ibalulekileyo ukuza.

"Imbali on General Sociology"

Wilfredo kwafuneka ukuba iphazanyiswe ngo-1907, befundisa imisebenzi ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo. Emva kwethuba, waba impilo engcono, wamisa ukusebenza kwi "imbali on Jikelele Sociology". Lo msebenzi Wilfredo wabhala kweminyaka emi-5, ukususela 1907 ukuya 1912. Ngowe-1916 eyayibanjelwe incwadi yakhe yokuqala Italian, yaye kwiminyaka emi-3 "othi" yapapashwa isiFrentshi. Vilfredo Pareto ukususela kweli xesha kude ekupheleni kwemihla yakhe ukwenza uphando kuphela kwinkalo yokuhlalisana. KwiYunivesithi Lausanne ngo-1918 yena sabhiyozela unyaka 70.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

kwabantu Italian kule 1920 yokuqala epapashwe umsebenzi eziliqela umdla nebalulekileyo. Ngowe-1921, "inguqu yedemokhrasi" yapapashwa eMilan apho ezibekwe ngayo isishwankathelo okwakha zonke iingcamango ezingundoqo kule nzulu. Ngezentlalo in eziliqela kwimibhalo yakhe livelana Fascism Italian, leyo bayivakalisa inkxaso eceleni. Yaba ngeli xesha, ngowe-1922, uMussolini (umfanekiso ngentla) wangumlawuli Italy. Urhulumente omtsha liye lawonga Pareto, uninzi lwamalungu ayo, kuquka imibala ngokwakhe, ingqalelo ngokwabo abafundi Wilfredo. Pareto ngo-1923 waba leNdlu yeeNgwevu yobukumkani Italian. Emva koko wafa Celina waza wangcwatyelwa apha.

Izizathu yokuhlalisana

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, Pareto kakhulu emva kwexesha aba kwabantu, sele ingcali eyaziwa kakuhle kwinkalo yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Nge yintoni isizathu? Mhlawumbi, ukuba Wilfredo wayeka ukwanelisa ingqikelelo "womntu kwezoqoqosho", obeyindoda lale, yaye apho sisazinzulu ukusebenza ixesha elide ukufunda kwimarike yedwa, kwakunye ukwabiwa kwengeniso ekuhlaleni kunye nezinye iingxaki zoqoqosho. Nkqu esekwe kwi-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20 isebenza umdla engumbonakalaliso umbhali imodeli entsha woMntu. Ngokupheleleyo, le nzala iye yaphunyezwa kwi "umbhalo kwi Jikelele Sociology" - ubuninzi (malunga nama-2000 amaphepha zeetekisi).

Ukwalelwa imodeli lale

Pareto ayikho ngengozi bagqiba ekubeni bayeke ezikhoyo ngexesha yemodeli lale womntu, nangona yena iminyaka emininzi abaxhasi bayo. Ngokwale ndlela, umntu wokuqala amanyathelo ingqalelo, ngokuhambelana neenjongo ejongene nabo aze enze izenzo ezikhokelela impumelelo yabo. Ngokutsho concept Pareto, yonke ngenene eyahlukileyo. Okokuqala, umntu owenza phantsi kwempembelelo komdla kunye neemvakalelo yezenzo ezithile, aze emva koko kuphela lungisa them, ukulwela sokusetyenziswa kunye mbono of ukutolika. Kulo, ethetha ngqongqo, yayisekelwe enye iingqiqo eziphambili Wilfredo - imfundiso izenzo non-ubhalo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-nzulu ayilwamkeli malunga nentsingiselo ngqiqweni yezenzo zabantu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, yena uzama ukomeleza rationalism, ibe "ultraratsionalizm" ukuyivala xa intetho iquka logic nje kuphela kodwa bokubona kunye umfuniselo ukuveza babebona ukuba abantu basebenzisa ukuba akhohlise bona abanye, bezama ukufihla iintshukumisa zokwenene yokuziphatha yabo nezenzo.

Ngoku makhe sihlolisise imfundiso ngawo abaninzi bazi igama sisazinzulu njengoko Vilfredo Pareto.

Imfundiso lizwe

Pareto ngumdali thiyori lizwe. Wathetha utshintsho babo njalo. Imbali wamazwe ogama abakhethiweyo Italian emangcwabeni, iqaqobana ilungelo, ukulwa igunya esiza kuyo, ngokusebenzisa amandla indawo lelinye wegcuntswana. Wilfredo waphawula ukuba ama anento ukwehla. Kwelinye icala, "neelity" bayakwazi ukudala ezihlangwini zabo befanelekile. Oku kubalulekile kuba abantwana amaxesha azinazo iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zabazali babo. Imfuno ejikeleza lomgadi lizwe kunye utshintsho ngenxa yokuba abo ngamandla alahlekane namandla, nto leyo yanceda ukuba uphumelele indawo phantsi kwelanga.

izakhi

Inkampani uzama lwesilinganiso lwentlalo, nto leyo inikwa impefumlelwano imikhosi ezahlukeneyo. Pareto ebizwa izinto amandla. Wilfredo 4 iimpawu eziphambili: ngokwasengqondweni, intlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko.

ukungalingani Psychological abantu

Theory of Vilfredo Pareto lihlawula ingqalelo eyodwa iintshukumisa yokuziphatha kwabantu, ngoko imigaqo ukuba sisazinzulu Italian becala ngumsebenzi bengqondo. Ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo kwezopolitiko kunye nendlela uluntu ngokwasengqondweni, Wilfredo wachaza ukungalingani nangokwasengqondweni abantu kumaziko zentlalo. Waphawula ukuba lo umphakathi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa abantu zahluke ngokuziphatha, emzimbeni nakwinkcubeko yengqondo. Simele sicinge ukuba Wilfredo elite buchazwa ngeempawu bafune kwengqondo. Bona inkqubo point rating nokuba ranking yasekwa ngayo ezichongwe ubuchule babantu kule okanye kwinqanaba msebenzi.

Ukuvumela amandla elite kubanjwe?

concept Pareto Elite yahlulwe 2: "nepravyaschuyu" yaye "sigqibo". Last kulawulo, kwaye yokuqala kude amandla izigqibo. yeklasi encinane igunya kubanjwa inxenye amandla akhe, yaye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa inkxaso udidi lwekhoboka. Noko ke, njengokuba Vilfredo Pareto waphawula, apho imfundiso lizwe ngokweenkcukacha lilungisa "imvume resource" oko ezisekelwe ubukhulu becala kwiziphumo isakhono abo ngamandla ukweyisela abanye amalungelo abo. Amathuba sivumelwano, wayekholelwa, kuxhomekeke kubuchule lokuxhaphaza iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo yesihlwele. Noko ke, icala okekelele ngakulo ayisoloko kunceda ukugcina amandla, yaye ngoko ke, abane- kufuneka babe bakulungele ukwenza kunye namandla.

iintlobo ezimbini lizwe

Ngethiyori, Pareto elite kuma-2 lohlobo "iingcuka" kunye "iingonyama". Ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko uzinzile, kugquba "iingonyama". inkqubo Uxhaphazelayo ifuna schemers, ezintsha, eNamandla manani, ngoko kukho "iingcuka". Ukuthathwa elite omnye komnye kubangelwa kukuba ngalunye kwezi ntlobo lizwe zinezibonelelo yayo. Kodwa ke, ukuba bayayeka ngexesha ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo abantu baseRoma. Ngoko ke inkqubo Ukugcina ifuna shifts lwesilinganiso rhoqo elite njengoko kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba udlulise meko.

UMthetho Vilfredo Pareto

Le yenye umdla ezifunyanwa Wilfredo. Kungenjalo, ubizwa ngokuba 20/80 umgaqo, okanye Pareto mgaqo. It is a kulawula komnwe, njengako 20% yemigudu ukusinika 80% yeziphumo, ize i-80% -% 20 kuphela. Silawule Vilfredo Pareto zingasetyenziswa njenge isicwangciso esisiseko imiba uhlalutyo songa kumsebenzi othile, ogama injongo kukuba ukwandisa iziphumo. Ngokutsho Pareto igophe ngu ngokuchanekileyo ubuncinane weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo sifumana inxalenye ebalulekileyo umphumo iyonke. ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo oko kuphumelele, kwaye ibe nasihlahla.

Amanani ezicatshulwe kweli emthethweni, Kakade, ngeke kube ngokupheleleyo. Oku kunokuba umthetho komnwe. Ukukhetha inani 80 no-20 - i umnqwazi ekuhlengahlengiseni Wilfredo, phendla nokwabiwa kwengeniso amakhaya eItali. Waphawula ukuba ama-80% yomvuzo buzinze-20% iintsapho.

Kakade ke, sancokola kuphela ngokubanzi malunga ngegalelo kwinzululwazi, owazise Vilfredo Pareto. Kwabantu ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe waqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo. Ingqalelo Abaphandi emininzi kutsaleleka kuyo. Vilfredo Pareto, ingcamango esisiseko sisabalulekile namhlanje, yinto enye kwezi kwezentlalo abadumileyo noqoqsho engamakhulu 19-20.