Inkqubo luvo zeentaka. Inkqubo luvo ezintakeni yahlukile kwi-luvo izirhubuluzi?

Iintaka lelona qela likhulu phakathi lomqolo. Bona aqhelekile zonke eziphila iplanethi yethu, kwaye zihlala ezinye iindawo Antarctica. Yintoni na isakhiwo e-nervous system kunye nemibutho sensory kweentaka? Ziintoni iimpawu zabo? Inkqubo luvo ezintakeni yahlukile kwi-luvo izirhubuluzi?

iklasi Birds

Iintaka - iqela kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezininzi ekuyo. Kwindalo, enza indima ebalulekileyo kwikhonkco kwikhonkco lokutya. Iintaka zidla izinambuzane, yaye, bona, zidle izilwanyana. Ukongeza, ukuba zibalulekile imisebenzi yabantu - ukuba ezifuyelwa ngenxa yabo inyama, amaqanda, iintsiba, namanqatha.

Kukho ngaphezu kwama 10.500 iintlobo zeentaka mihla malunga 20.300 ohlobo. iintlobo 789 aqhelekile eRashiya. Eyona iphambili yale eklasini phambi amaphiko kunye empennage, nolwenzelwa umzimba izilwanyana. Indlela engundoqo yokuthutha iintlobo ezininzi i moya, nangona ezinye amaphiko musani ukwenza lo msebenzi.

Ukukwazi fly ziboniswe kwi iimpawu zangaphandle kunye lwangaphakathi, nto leyo Unazo a Birds iklasi. luvo, yokucola kunye amalungu zemiphunga lwesakhiwo eyahlukileyo kwezinye izilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, bona babe iintlobo ezimbini umoya, amandla ukutya nokutshintshiselana negesi.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kwenkqubo ehlise iintaka

Ngesiqhelo luvo iqulathe luvo akhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, ngokunjalo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Zonke ezi zakhiwo ayasebenzisana omnye nomnye. Bamele indlela eyodwa olawula ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinkqubo umzimba kwaye linoxanduva ukusabela kwizinto yokusingqongileyo.

Izidumbu yenkqubo ehlise iintaka ezenza inkqubo luvo (ingqondo kunye umnqonqo) kunye iindawo neuropathy (luvo, luvo yobuchopho kunye umnqonqo). Ubume kobuchopho ezifanayo kunye lomqolo, nangona ezinye iimpawu kulahlula kakhulu.

Ubume e-nervous system kunye nemibutho sensory yeentaka iimvakalelo ezinxulumene ngqo umsebenzi wabo. Iintaka kufuneka ngengqiqo kakuhle eseleyo noququzelelo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ihambe. Oku kwenza olawula ngokugqibeleleyo emoyeni.

iintlobo ezininzi batya ukutya mobile. Nokuba izinambuzane, intlanzi, iimpuku okanye izirhubuluzi, ngeentlobo kubalulekile ukuba uzulazule isithuba kwaye umbono omhle, ukuva nesantya asabela. Oogunyaziwe abanoxanduva le misebenzi, yaphuhliswa iintaka kakhulu.

ubuchopho

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamakhulu eyadlulayo kwakukholelwa ukuba iintaka abanako imisebenzi enzima. Ludwig Edinger wabeka phambili ingcamango ukuba iingqondo zabo ukwenza ganglia carcinomas, athi abenoxanduva nethuku kunye nemisebenzi ezilula. Kamva afika ukuba luvo yeentaka ifana kakhulu ngabantu.

Largest isebe ingqondo na yangaphambili. It iqulathe zifaka amabini kunye kumphezulu ogudileyo, zizaliswe nuclei subcortical. Banoxanduva ukuqhelwaniswa lomhlaba, ukuziphatha, nenkunzi, ukutya. Iziqingatha ezidibene a kwiCerebellum elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, elawula nolungelelaniso.

Medulla yinxalenye izikhondo ebuchotsheni. Eli sebe linoxanduva imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ubomi neentaka: .. Blood kwegazi, yokuphefumla, ukwetyisa, njl ephakathi yenziwe kakuhle, kuba iqulathe emimangweni ezimbini, athi abenoxanduva nokuhlawulwa ulwazi eziviwayo kunye nezibonwayo.

Iintaka posa elikhulu, kodwa nobubovu zabo pineal kunye ephakathi ngokwaneleyo. Iyonke luvo cranial - bengababini-12, kodwa umphunga elinanye abazahlulayo kancinane leleshumi.

umnqonqo

Inkqubo luvo yeentaka nayo iquka umnqonqo. Ukususela ingqondo yahlulwe kwemiqathango. Ngaphakathi kuyo kukho umngxuma okanye iziko sicatshulwa. Ngaphezu umnqonqo nezikhuseli imifinya amathathu - soft, arachnoid aqinileyo, ukusuka ijelo central esahlula cerebrospinal lwabo fluid.

In empontshwa negxalaba iingingqi spinal intambo yeentaka isiphathele ukuqina okungephi. Apha kulo diverge luvo ukuba udityanisiwe kwi imilenze ngaphambili yangasemva. Ngoko ke bakha plexus zangasese kunye brachial.

Kwingingqi empontshwa ijelo ziko ngowenkqubo irhombus umngxuma, leyo egubungele ijwabu esingxotyeni nokuqina. Amasebe empontshwa kunye brachial plexus umnqonqo linoxanduva umsebenzi amalungu achaphazelekayo.

Ngokungafaniyo ezirhubuluzayo

Zombini Iiklasi liphezulu ezinomqolo, kunye enjengesakhiwo intaka e-nervous system kakhulu ezifana nezirhubuluzi. Noko ke, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo. Inkqubo luvo ezintakeni yahlukile kwi-luvo izirhubuluzi?

Iintaka kunye ezirhubuluzayo namaqela afanayo ebuchotsheni. Umahluko iqatshelwe ubungakanani kula masebe, nto leyo ehambisana nge ngendlela eyahlukileyo yobomi yezilwanyana. Izirhubuluzi 12 izibini luvo elandisiweyo ukususela ingqondo, nentambo zabo emqolo uba ukuqina kwi emagxeni kunye empontshwa umqolo.

Inkqubo luvo ezintakeni lunomahluko ikakhulu kubungakanani ingqondo, nto leyo iphezulu kakhulu ubuchopho izirhubuluzi. ubunzima yakhe 0.05-0.09% (ngokobunzima) e ratites kunye 0,2-8% evela abameli kwezidalwa eziphaphazelayo. Izivalo yangaphambili yeentaka amasalela okanye uphawu lwesiko. Izirhubuluzi ephuhliswa ngcono ngenxa isenzeko kunuka zangasese.

Xa iintaka, ingqiqo ngokwesini ivumba ayikho ngokunjalo-ephuhliswe Isivamvo sokujoja kakhulu embi kakhulu, ngaphandle yezityalo awadli inyama. Zombini ezi ndidi esisixa ebalulekileyo imizimba yangaphambili esinemigca kwamiswa emazantsi. Abanoxanduva uhlalutyo kunye nokuphendula ulwazi ongenayo.

ingqondo

Ama-ephuhliswe kweemvakalelo iintaka - ivumba kunye nemvakalo. iintlobo ezininzi kunzima ukwahlula amavumba, ngaphandle ezidla, ezifana amanqe yaseMelika. Ngcamla ukutya ukuchaza ithupha incasa, ezo zibekwe emazantsi kolwimi kwi nenkalakahla. abaneemfuno ezizodwa abanazo, njengoko ukutya yakhiwe nje akuginyileyo.

receptors lafaka ibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ba ithole Grande, Herbst okanye Merkel. Kwezinye iintlobo, ukuba ibekwe ecaleni ngezizathu iintsiba ezinkulu kakhulu eluswini, kwakunye cere wayo ngomlomo. Izikhova kule kukho iintsiba ekhethekileyo kumlomo, xa wazo kunye amadada receptors zifumaneka izixhobo emhlathini, izikhwenene - elwimini.

Best zonke iintaka eziphuhliswe ukubona nokuva. iindlebe zabo lwazigubungela kunye zanjengeentsiba zamaxhalanga, basilelela indlebe. Ziqulethe embilwini, phakathi langaphandle primordia indlebe. Uvakalelo izandi zingcono ukuya nezilwanyana ezininzi. Xa izikhova, salaganov, oilbirds bayakwazi ukuya amaza. mibono eziphuhlileyo sendlebe yangaphakathi unika iintaka akwaziqonda omhle eseleyo.

Iintaka ibukhali umbono monocular (binocular cos y). Abanye bayakwazi ukubona kumgama ngekhilomitha enye. Amehlo babe imilo atshabalalisa kunye sisishwankathelo esibanzi. Bathi bapholileyo, ngoko iintaka badla kufuneka babeke intloko yakhe. Olunye uhlobo, i-engile ngayo degrees 360. Retina lisabela kude ekukhanyeni yelanga, kanye lens bhetyebhetye sikuvumela ukuba ubone nokuba ngaphantsi kwamanzi.

intelligence

Ngembali yaso elide yeentaka ziye zabonisa ukukwazi ukujongana neemeko ezinzima, ukuba benze izibalo nokuba bakwazi ukuyila. Bona bayakwazi ukugcina umva umdlalo izandi ezahlukeneyo kunye namabinzana intetho yabantu.

Kuba iintaka iimfuno zabo badla ukusebenzisa izinto nezixhobo. Umzekelo, imicinga ezincinane elastic bangakwazi ukufumana izinambuzane kwixolo imithi. esondweni Woody isebenzisa ukulungiselela ezi njongo ameva of Cacti kwaye abanye baye bafunda ukwenza izixhobo zabo.

Iintaka ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kwimo engqongileyo. Umzekelo, amabele bafunda ukuqanduselwa imingxuma ezineziciko Iibhotile ubisi, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu ndakuzidubula. Zezinto zitya iintlanzi, maxa wambi waphoswa singene echibini benza lobuxoki ukutsala ixhoba.

Ngamahlungulu ngokuphinda-phindeneyo angayiphosi eyayi emhlabeni, okoko nje loo nto kuyaphula. Eagles ngenjongo efanayo ephakanyiswe eziphakamileyo ufudo emoyeni ebonakala ngokukhuselekileyo obufihlwe iqokobhe. Ezinye iintaka aphule imveliso iqokobhe, babagibisele ngamatye kuyo.

isiphelo

Iintaka kwinkqubo yophuhliso kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ezirhubuluzayo. Ubuchopho inkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu, nto leyo evumela ukuba enze imisebenzi entsonkothileyo kakhulu, ukuvelisa iintlobo entsonkothileyo ukuziphatha kunye nokukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo luvo yeentaka iqulathe ingqondo, umnqonqo, kunye izibini ezilishumi luvo. aphuhliswe kakuhle ngaphambili, iindawo phakathi ingqondo kunye kwiCerebellum, nto leyo ehambisana becala isakhono neentaka ezibhabhayo.

Baye ezindlebeni obalaseleyo neso. Bona ahluka eziqhelekileyo nje kuthi umbala, kodwa ukukhanya yelanga, kwaye abanye babe namandla amaza. Incasa kunye nevumba abalufumani kakhulu kuphuhliswa. Beka receptors lafaka ibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, kuxhomekeka iintlobo.