Ukungavunyelwa kuthelekiswa lobushushu

Enye iimpawu naziphi na izinto zombane conductive - eli ukuxhathisa xa kuthelekiswa lobushushu. Ukuba uchazwa igrafu kwi ukuqhuba moya, apho ixesha amathuba ukuphawulwa iasi enqamlezileyo (t), kwaye nkqo - ixabiso yenkcaso ohmic (R), ngoko ke sifumane umgca eyaphukileyo. Iqondo lobushushu uxhomekeko lovukelo ngokwalo inamacandelo amathathu. Eyokuqala lihambisana ubushushu amancinci - eli ukuxhathisa ixesha litshintsha encinane kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka kwingongoma ethile, emva koko umgca kwigrafu unyukela ephawulekayo - oku isakhiwo sebali yesibini. Okwesithathu, icandelo yokugqibela - yi ngqo uManeki phezulu ukusuka kwindawo apho R ukuphakama bema, kwi engile elincinane ngokwentelekiso ukuya iasi enqamlezileyo.

Intsingiselo ebonakalayo kule grafu sesi silandelayo: ukuxhathisa iqondo lobushushu uxhomekeko le umqhubi ichazwa ngendlela elula equation yomgama logama nje ubuninzi ubushushu ayidluli ethile ixabiso Uphawu kule nto ethile. umzekelo apha abstract: Ukuba xa + 10 ° C izinto uxhathiso akukho ohms-10, emva koko ku-40 ° C ixabiso R ayiyi kuzohlwaya, eseleyo ngaphakathi kwimida imposiso womlinganiselo. Kodwa at 41 ° C tsiba kwi uxhathiso kuphakame 70 ohms. Ukuba kukho ukwanda kwamaqondo akayi ayeke; ngokuba izidanga ngamnye ezilandelayo ziya kuwa amanye ohms-5.

Le propati ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa izixhobo zombane, ngoko enze data kwi ngobhedu njengenye izinto ixhaphakileyo koomatshini zombane. Ngoko ke, ukuba umqhubi ubushushu zobhedu ukwanda nganye isidanga eyongezelelweyo uxhathiso kukhokelela kwisiqingatha ekhulwini ixabiso ezithile (ukuba kufunyanwa kwiitheyibhile ekhonjwe, umiselwe ukuya kuma-20 ° C, 1 m omde kwicandelo 1 mm²).

Kwimeko apho kukho ebuntsimbi umqhubi amandla electromotive EMF ubonakala electric current - intshukumo kwe amasuntswana nezakhiwo kunye kwentlawulo. Ion khona iindawo ezithile crystalline emkhusaneni ye intsimbi, akanakuba ukubamba electron elide omise zabo zangaphezulu, ukuze babe nako ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kulo umthamo izinto node omnye komnye. Le intshukumo random okubangelwa amandla lwangaphandle - ubushushu.

Nangona ubunyani intshukumo ukho, akuyi ngqo, ke kuthathwa ngokuba yangoku. Xa intsimi yombane, electron utsaleleka ngokungqinelana kuqwalaselo lwayo, kusekwe intshukumo ngqo. Kodwa njengoko isiphumo thermal akazange shwaka, amasuntswana ngokungakhethiyo ihamba zingqubane entsimini ngqo. Ukuxhomekeka yenkcaso zesinyithi kunye lobushushu ibonisa isixa uphazamiseko kwi ingxingwa yangoku. Ukuba uphakamile lo lobushushu, kungona R umqhubi.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo: ukunciphisa ngesidanga zokufudumeza unokuncitshiswa kunye ukuxhathisa. Imo yoyilo (malunga nama-20 ° K) nje ephawuleka unciphiso ebalulekileyo sesindululo thermal ingalawuleki amasuntswana phakathi kweziyobisi.

Cinga iimpawu umbandela conductive lisetyenziswa kubunjineli yombane. Umzekelo, ukuxhomekeka ye kweelana umbhexeshi obushushu ezisetyenziswa nabenzi boluvo elektroniki. Ukwazi ixabiso layo ukuba impahla ethile kuveliswa thermistor, Ukuqhagamshela isixhobo i-digital okanye analog ukufunda, ukwenza kwisikali efanelekileyo yokuhlela kwaye lusetyenziswe njengendlela eyenye ithermometer mercury. Xa intliziyo ezininzi abenzi boluvo mihla thermal wabeka kanye lo mgaqo, ngenxa yokuba ukuthembeka ephezulu, kunye noyilo lula.

Ngaphezu koko, iqondo lobushushu ukuxhomekeka yokuxhathisa zokufudumeza kwenza kube lula ukubala engathi motor.