Hadron Collider: Qala. I ezinkulu Hadron Collider kutheni? Uphi na?

History of namafutha, leyo siyazi namhlanje njengoko ezinkulu Hadron Collider iqala ukususela ngo-2007. Ekuqaleni saqala kunye maxesha lwe namafutha le cyclotron. Icebo yaba sisixhobo esincinane ngokulula esingena phezu kwetafile. Ke ibali accelerators iye yaphuhliswa ngokuthe chu. Kubonakele synchrotron kunye synchrotron.

Xa kwimbali mhlawumbi yeyona eyonwabisayo yaba ixesha ukususela 1956 ukuya kwiminyaka 1957. Ngelo xesha, inzululwazi eSoviet, ingakumbi physics, akazange barhuqe emva abazalwana basemzini. Ukusebenzisa yamava minyaka ezingasetyenziswanga, yamachiza eSoviet ogama Vladimir Veksler wenza idabi kwinzululwazi. Zezona synchrotron inamandla ngexesha zadalwa. amandla ayo ukusebenza yaba GeV-10 (billion 10 electron volts). Emva kwakhe le ndawo sele wadala imizekelo kakhulu accelerators: Large Electron-i Collider, i namafutha Swiss, eJamani, eUnited States. Bonke babe injongo enye efanayo - isifundo kwamasuntswana ebalulekileyo quarks.

I ezinkulu Hadron Collider wadalwa kuloo ndawo enkosi imigudu yamachiza Italian kuqala. Kwaye igama lakhe uCarlo Rubbia, Nobel Prize kaNobel. Ngexesha umsebenzi walo Rubbia wayesebenza ngumlawuli kwi-European Organization for Research Nuclear. Kuye kwagqitywa ukwakha kwaye usebenzise i LHC na iziko uphando on-site.

Apho Hadron Collider?

Collider kubekwa phezu umda phakathi eSwitzerland kunye neFransi. Ubude umtya-27 km, kwaye ngoko ke kuthiwa enkulu. ring namafutha uya neemitha ezingama-50 ukuya 175. Le umazibuthe 1232 imiselwe collider. Bona lokwakhiwa, nto leyo ithetha umntu ukuphuhlisa intsimi bukhulu ukukhawulezisa, kususela amandla iindleko iimagnethi ezinjalo phantse bengekho. Ubunzima lilonke umazibuthe ngalinye iitoni 3.5 xa ubude leemitha 14.3.

Njengaye nawuphi na into emzimbeni, le Large Hadron Collider yenza ubushushu. Ngoko ke, oko kuyimfuneko rhoqo cool. Ukulungiselela le njongo, amaqondo obushushu kugcinwa 1.7 K usebenzisa million 12 iilitha nitrogen engamanzi. Ukongeza, engamanzi helium (700,000 iilitha) isetyenziselwa okupholisa, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - xi iyasetyenziswa, eso sixa siphinda- phindwe kalishumi ngaphantsi xi eziqhelekileyo womoya.

Ubushushu 1.7 K C na izinyuko -271. Loo lobushushu phantse kufutshane zero ngokupheleleyo. zero Absolute kuthiwa kumda lisezantsi kunokwenzeka, apho unokuba umzimba wenyama.

Inxalenye engaphakathi Itonela ayikho ngaphantsi umdla. Kukho ukrweco-titanium lokwakhiwa USB amathuba. ubude yabo 7600 km. Ubunzima bungama 1,200 iitoni iintambo. Ngaphakathi intambo - a plexus of iingcingo 6300 kunye umgama uwonke yeekhilomitha 1.5 billion. Le ubude ulingana iiyunithi ezili-10 ngeenkwenkwezi. Umzekelo, umgama ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya elangeni yi iiyunithi ezili-10.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nendawo yayo wejografi, kunokuthiwa ukuba amakhonkco collider kulala phakathi imizi Saint-Genis kunye Forno uVoltaire imi kwicala French, kwakunye Marin kunye Vessurat - ngecala Swiss. ring Small, ekuthiwa PS, xhaxhe ngaphaya umda ubukhulu.

Le raison d'être

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, "Yintoni na LHC", kufuneka ukuba le izazinzulu. Izazinzulu ezininzi zithi ukuba kukuyilwa elikhulu lonke ixesha kukho inzululwazi, kwaye inzululwazi ngaphandle kuyo, nto leyo eyaziwa kuthi namhlanje, nje akwenzi ngqiqo. Ubukho kunye bekusungulwa ezinkulu Hadron Collider ziya kuba nomdla kwi ukuba kwenzeke ingozi ngamasuntswana kwi LHC yi ukwanda. Zonke amasuntswana entle Abachithachithe kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ukwenza amasuntswana amatsha, nto leyo achaze ubukho kunye nentsingiselo abaninzi.

Into yokuqala ukuba izazinzulu baye bazama ukufumana ezi amasuntswana ingqubekile - oko isondlo kwaxelwayo yamachiza Peter Higgs yamasuntswana aphantsi ebizwa i "Higgs boson". Le yamasuntswana mihle inaso lolwazi, iyaqwalaselwa. Kodwa ibizwa ngokuba "yamasuntswana uThixo". Isivula ashukume izazinzulu ukuqonda indawo yonke. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngowama-2012, 4 Julayi, Hadron Collider (ukuqala ngokuyinxenye waphumelela) ukunceda ukufumana yamasuntswana efanayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu bazama ukufunda oko ngokweenkcukacha.

Koda kube nini ...

Kakade ke, umbuzo uvela ngoko nangoko wokuba, kutheni izazinzulu elide kangaka ukuba bawafundisise la masuntswana. Ukuba unayo icebo, unako kokuyisebenzisa, yaye ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba kutolwe data ngakumbi nangakumbi. Isibakala sokuba umsebenzi LHC - yinto ulonwabo ebizayo. Enye lokwazisa ibiza isixa esikhulu. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla yonyaka ilingana ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-800. Township / h. Le mali ka eneji edliwe umzi elinabemi ezimalunga ne-100 lamawaka. Man, xa imigangatho avareji. Oku akubandakanyi iindleko zolondolozo. Esinye isizathu - kukuba dubulo LHC ukuba kwenzeka xa inaba ukuba protons kubopheleleka ukuba avelise umqulu elikhulu data: a iinkcukacha-computer efundekayo ukuze processing kuthatha ixesha elininzi. Nkqu nangona amandla lweekhompyutha ezifumana ulwazi, enkulu nkqu ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje.

Esinye isizathu - kuba kungekho ngaphantsi odumileyo esimnyama. Izazinzulu asebenza collider kweli cala, qiniseka ukuba uluhlu obubonakalayo iphela yi-4% kuphela. Kuthathwa ukuba abanye - oko esimnyama kunye namandla emnyama. Ngokomfuniselo uzama ukubonisa ukuba le mfundiso ichanekile.

Hadron Collider: ngokuba okanye ngokuchasene

Beka phambili imfundiso esimnyama ekuthiwa wathandabuza ukhuseleko ubukho LHC. Wavuka lo mbuzo: "Hadron Collider; ngokuba okanye nxamnye?" Yena Ndandixha- izazinzulu ezininzi. Zonke iingqondo enkulu yehlabathi zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini. "Izitha" baye phambili i ithiyori umdla kukuba xa into enjalo, ngoko ke kufuneka yamasuntswana yayo malungana. Kwaye ke ingozi ngamasuntswana kwi namafutha kubonakala inxalenye mnyama. Bekukho ingozi ukuba inxalenye emnyama kunye inxalenye ukuba sibone ubuso. Ke kunokubangela ukuba ukufa iphela. Noko ke, emva kokuqalisa LHC wokuqala lo mbono uye krobo-krobo.

Elandelayo ebaluleke kufika kwantinga iphela, okanye mandithi - lokuzalwa. Kukholelwa ukuba le ngozi ibonakala njani indalo uphila lemizuzwana yokuqala yobukho. Indlela yena wakhangela emva imvelaphi Big Bang. Kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokungqubana yamasuntswana sifana kakhulu kulowo esibe ekuqaleni ngokuzalwa iphela.

Ubuncinane omnye iyinto elungileyo leyo ikhangelwe izazinzulu - ukuba imifuziselo ezingaqhelekanga. Kubonakala amangalisayo, kodwa kukho imfundiso leyo ebonisa ukuba zikhona ezinye zobukhulu kanye yonke ngathi thina bantu. Kwaye Isimanga, namafutha kwaye bakwazi ukunceda.

Ngamafutshane, injongo ubukho namafutha kukuqonda oko indalo na, ukuba wadalwa ngayo, ukungqinelana okanye ukuchasa nayiphi na imfundiso ekhoyo amasuntswana ngezimanga ezinxulumeneyo. Kakade ke, kuya kuthatha iminyaka, kodwa ekuqaleni nganye, izinto ezintsha nebe emhlabeni yesayensi.

Facts malunga namafutha

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba namafutha ibalekisa amasuntswana ukuya kwi 99% isantya ukukhanya, kodwa abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba ipesenti ilingana 99,9999991% ye isivamvo sokukhanya. Eli nani emangalisayo yenza ucacelwe ngoba loyilo ogqibeleleyo kunye iimagnethi ezinamandla kukhawuleziswe. Kufuneka kwakhona uqaphele ezinye izibakala eyaziwa ngaphantsi.

Amanani ekuveliseni ingozi kwamasuntswana ngexesha lunikezelo

Inani protons kwi isipha	ukuya 100 Bln. (1011)
inani izixa	ku 2.808
Inani badlula Proton iphezu kwindawo tshin	ukuya kwizigidi 31. imimandla yesibini 4
Inani yangqubana isuntswana kwi ekudibaneni	ku 20
Umqulu ngamnye data yokungqubana	malunga 1.5 MB
Umhlobo amasuntswana Higgs	1 zabaluma zonke imizuzwana 2.5 (at ngobunzulu ezipheleleyo umqadi kunye nangokungqinelana uqikelelo ezithile malunga neempawu amasuntswana Higgs)

Bamalunga nama-100 ezigidi. Ahla imijelo data abavela nganye detectors ezimbini eziphambili nga kumcimbi lemizuzwana ukugqiba ngaphezulu kwama-100,000 CDs. Ngenyanga nje enye inani IiCD sele ifikelele kubude kangangokuba xa walala phantsi le mfumba, bekuya kuba ngokwaneleyo enyangeni. Ngoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni kuqokelela zonke iinkcukacha abavela detectors, kodwa kuphela abo kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise inkqubo yokuqokelela idatha, enyanisweni isebenza yesihluzi se data. Kwagqitywa ukuba abhale izenzakalo 100 kuphela ezenzeka ngexesha le dubulo. Ezishicilelweyo ezi ziganeko ziya kuba ukulondoloza iziko data kwenkqubo LHC, nto leyo imi yaseYurophu Laboratory for Particle Physics, ngubani na kwakhona indawo indawo namafutha. Ziya kurekhodwa iziganeko sibhalelwe, nabo bamele uluntu lwezenzululwazi umdla omkhulu.

aftertreatment

Emva sokurekhoda kilobytes ezilikhulu lwe data ukuba iphunyezwe. Ukulungiselela le njongo, iikhompyutha ngaphezu kwezigidi ezibini elise bakukhathalele. Injongo yezi iikhompyutha na ukusebenza kwedatha ekrwada kunye nokusekwa kwesiseko kwabo, nto leyo eya kuba luncedo buhlolwe ngokubanzi. Ngaphezu koko ezenziwe stream data iza mayibhekiswe womnatha yekhompyutha Grid. Le inethiwekhi online inxibelelanisa amawaka iikhompyutha ukuba zifumaneka kumaziko ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele, sibophelela ngaphezu kwekhulu amaziko ezinkulu, apho ibekwe kumazwekazi amathathu. Yonke loo manqaku ezidibene bakukhathalele usebenzisa fiber optic - ngenqanaba data eliphezulu.

Ethetha izibakala, kuyimfuneko ukubalula kwakhona malunga isakhiwo yeempawu emzimbeni. Itonela namafutha na ukutenxa ye 1.4% ukusuka tyaba. Oku kwenziwa kwindawo yokuqala ukuba uninzi kwetonela namafutha kwilitye monolithic. Ngaloo ubunzulu nokubekwa emacaleni esahlukileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba siphethe ukusuka chibi, nto leyo ifumaneka kufuphi eGeneva, ubunzulu kweemitha ezingama-50. Inxalenye malunga inalo nobunzulu leemitha 175.

Into enikisa umdla kukuba izigaba zenyanga ezichaphazela namafutha. Kusenokubonakala ngathi kukho into elikude senze mgama. Kodwa ke makuqatshelwe ukuba ebudeni inyanga epheleleyo, xa kukho nokulatyuza umhlaba kummandla Geneva, ndivuka nge-25 cm. Oku kuchaphazela ubude collider. Ubude ngaloo incremented nge-1 ezinga-, kwaye amandla nomqadi batshintshwa nge 0,02%. Ekubeni amandla kolawulo umqadi kufuneka luqhutywe ukuya kwi 0,002%, abaphandi kufuneka athathele ingqalelo le meko.

Kwakhona umdla kukuba kwitonela collider unalo imilo i oktagoni kunokuba isangqa, njengoko abaninzi. Angela ukusekwa amacandelo ezimfutshane. Bona amalungiselelo detectors esisigxina kunye nenkqubo elawula umqadi olukhawulezisiweyo isuntswana.

isakhiwo

Hadron Collider, ukuvulwa yayo ezinxulumene ezininzi iinkcukacha kunye ubumnandi izazinzulu - isixhobo emangalisayo. Yonke namafutha luqulathe amakhonkco abe mabini. ring Small ebizwa Proton synchrotron okanye, ukuba asebenzise izifinyezo - INDU. ring Large - Super Proton Synchrotron, okanye SPS. Kunye amakhonkco amabini ukuvumela ukuba uhlwayela isabelo kwi-99,9% isantya ukukhanya. Ngaloo collider egazini kanye amandla protons, ukwandisa amandla abo izihlandlo ezili-16. Kwakhona ivumela amasuntswana zingqubane nabanye abamalunga nama-30 million. Ixesha / s. iiyure ezili-10. 4 detectors ezinkulu ifunyenwe kwi uninzi 100 terabytes ze data lwedijithali ngomzuzwana. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ngenxa yezinto ngamnye. Umzekelo, ukuba uyakwazi ukubona amasuntswana limalunga abe intlawulo ezimbi yombane, yaye enesiqingatha-Ihlole. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zibe ukutshabalala, linokuyalela ozibonayo akunakwenzeka kunokwenzeka ukuba babone amandla abo kuphela ukhutshwe kwi engile ethile esqwini umqadi. Eli nyathelo kuthiwa kwinqanaba asibambe kuqala. Eli nyathelo silandelwa amakhadi data ezikhethekileyo ngaphezulu kwe-100, nto leyo zinxulunyaniswe ekuphunyezweni logic. Le nxalenye ungachazwa ukuba ngexesha kokufumana lwedatha ukhetho iibhloko data ngaphezu kwe-100 tysyach mgomzuzu omnye. Emva koko, ezi nkcukacha zisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo, nto leyo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indlela-kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Okulandelayo Level Systems, icala, ukufumana ulwazi kuzo zonke ukuhamba tshin. Software kakutsha isebenza kwi network. Apho iya kusebenzisa inani elikhulu iikhompyutha ukusebenza iibhloko data elandelayo, ixesha avareji phakathi iibloko - microseconds-10. Iinkqubo kuya kufuneka ukuba ukudala uphawu amasuntswana, ohambelana ukuya kwindawo yokuqala. Isiphumo iseti data kuyilwa eziquka oluqhubekekayo, amandla, kunye nezinye indlela eyavela ngexesha siganeko enye.

izitho namafutha

Zonke namafutha lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamalungu 5 eziphambili:

1) namafutha collider electron-i. Inxalenye imalunga 7 iimagnethi tysyach kunye iipropati lokwakhiwa. Nabo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indlela thunzi kwetonela umqadi. Kwaye ke futhi sigxile umqadi ube mnye phakathi kwemali omnye ogama ububanzi kunciphisa nobubanzi nonwele olulodwa.

2) Muon solenoid ngci. Le kakutsha yenzelwe injongo jikelele. Xa kakutsha abanjalo bafuna nesenzeko amatsha, umzekelo, ukukhangela Higgs isuntswana.

3) detector LHCb. Ukubaluleka kwale divayisi ukukhangela quarks kunye amasuntswana wabachasa - antiquarks.

4) Le ATLAS Ufakelo toroidal. Le kakutsha yenzelwe nitrogen le muons.

5) Alice. Le kakutsha idlulisela zingagilani ion elikhokelayo, yaye yangqubana Proton-Proton.

Ubunzima ukuqala i LHC

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubukho lethekhinoloji ishenxisa amathuba iimpazamo practice yonke into eyahlukileyo. Ebudeni ukulibaziseka, kwakunye nexesha ukungaphumeleli ibandla namafutha. Ndimele ndithi ukuba le meko engalindelekanga kwakungenjalo. Le fowuni iqulethe bokuqonda ezininzi kwaye ufuna abanjalo ngqo ukuba izazinzulu balindele iziphumo ezifanayo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye iingxaki wajamelana izazinzulu ngexesha lokwazisa - ukwala umazibuthe, esijoliswe iintsika protons ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba kwenzeke ingozi. Le ingozi embi kwabangelwa ukutshatyalaliswa yentaba ngenxa yokulahlekelwa lokwakhiwa umazibuthe.

Le ngxaki ngo-2007. Ngenxa kuyo, ukusungulwa collider lamiselwa amanye amaxesha amaninzi, yaye ngoJuni ngokusesikweni kwenzeka, phantse Collider kunyaka ayikaqali.

Ukuphehlelelwa lokugqibela collider kuphumelele, ibuthe terabytes ezininzi data.

Hadron Collider, ukuvulwa kwe olwaqhubeka ngoAprili 5, 2015, esebenza ngempumelelo. Ngexesha imiqadi nyanga ndiya kumgxotha ngeenxa lo msesane, ngokuthe ngcembe ukwanda ngamandla. Iinjongo ze isifundo hlobo, akukho. imiqadi yamandla eyenzeke iza kwandiswa. Ixabiso wokuphakamisa ukususela ngowe-7 ukuya kowe-13 TEV TEV. Oku kukhula kuza kwenza ukuba ubone amathuba amatsha kwi ingozi kwamasuntswana.

Ngo-2013 no-2014. baba Uhlolo zobugcisa ngokunzulu imigudu, accelerators, detectors kunye nezinye izixhobo. Umphumo waba 18 iimagnethi vuvabyi ukuba lokwakhiwa umsebenzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani lilonke kubo amaqhosha 1232. Noko ke, umazibuthe eseleyo ziye zaphawulwa. Kungenjalo ke indawo inkqubo yokhuseleko ngokuchasene niziphozisayo, ebeka ngcono. Kwakhona kwaphucula inkqubo sokupholisa of iimagnethi. Oku kwenza ukuba bahlale kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ngamandla esiphezulu.

Ukuba konke kuhambe kakuhle, ukusungulwa elandelayo namafutha liya kwenzeka kuphela emva kweminyaka emithathu. Ngalo eli xesha ezicwangciselwe umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo ukuphucula, uviwo lobugcisa bala collider.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kulungiswe ibiza idenariyo, ngaphandle kokujonga iindleko. Hadron Collider, njengokuba ka-2010 abe nexabiso elilingana 7.5 bln. Euro. Eli nani ubonisa iprojekthi iphela kwindawo yokuqala kuluhlu iiprojekthi ezininzi eqolo kwimbali yenzululwazi.

iindaba zakutshanje

Hadron Collider, ukuvulwa kwe esenzeka emva kwexesha lesidlo, waphumelela. data umdla zaqokelelwa. Ngokomzekelo, ubungqina kwakunikelwa ukuba ingcamango mihla amasuntswana echanekileyo. Oku wenza umbulelo kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-CMS kunye LHCb detectors. Ezi BS detectors ukubola weyele meson amabini, nto leyo Direct bungqina inkcaneko iingcamango mihla.

Kubalulekile ukubuza umbuzo, njani na ubungqina ngayo lo mbono. Enye indlela - oku ke kuthinjwe amasuntswana amatsha. Oko kukuthi, ukuba kungquzulwano liya kuba amasuntswana amatsha samabanga aphantsi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ingcamango mihla kufuneka kwakhona.

Izazinzulu kwagxilwa kwisuntswana kuba oko kubonisa, okanye ubuncinane ukuvula ucango kwicala supersymmetry. Oku sisiqalo elungileyo ukufunda olunye umsebenzi kwi-Centre for Research Scientific eGeneva.

Yintoni elandelayo?

Emva kwenzeka maxesha elandelayo collider ziya kusetyenziselwa ukuqhubela phambili amasuntswana. Ngokukodwa, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba afunde banzi ngale Higgs boson. Nangona yokuba lo kwafunyaniswa wawongwa Nobel Prize, hayi zonke iipropati zayo ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo nezingqinekayo. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi baye umsebenzi elide kwaye esinzima kwi isifundo le amasuntswana emangalisayo.

Ukongeza, kufuneka siqhubeke ukusebenza ukungqinelana okanye ukuchasa ngobhalo supersymmetry. Nangona kubonakala kancinane kwamnandi, kodwa unelungelo lokuba khona. Musa ukucinga ukuba onke kunikwa ingqwalaselo kuphela umba yokuqala ibaluleke kakhulu kwiprojekthi nganye iqela yaso izazinzulu abasebenza kule ntsimi.

Kakade ke, le nto yonke imisebenzi ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ukuba izazinzulu. Ekubeni ulinganiso lweenkcukacha ezinkulu entsha ngamnye ulwazi ufumene uluhlu lwemibuzo imihla eya kuthi yongezwe, kunye neempendulo zabo wakhangela phezulu kule minyaka.