Yintoni esimnyama? nokuba esimnyama ukho?

Umbuzo azalelwa iphela, zakudala kunye nekamva labantu wakhathazeka ukusuka kudaladala. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kwavela ithiyori kwaye wakhanyela, unika umfanekiso yehlabathi, ngokususela kwidatha aziwayo. yashiya obucokisekileyo lesayensi waba ithiyori Einstein kaThixo kwezinto. Uye wenze igalelo elikhulu ukuqondwa kwiinkqubo ubumbe indalo. Noko ke, le ngcamango kwezinto ayikwazi ibango ukuba inyaniso mkhulu, nto leyo ayidingi wokongeza i-ons waba. technologies Ukuphucula baye bavumela ngeenkwenkwezi ukwenza ezifunyaniswe ngaphambili lee kum, eyayifuna isakhiwo sethiyori omtsha okanye ukwandiswa ebonakalayo izibonelelo ezikhoyo. Enye yezi ngezenzeko yaba esimnyama. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Amacala Kuqala

Kuba ukuqonda elithi "esimnyama" emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Nangona ukuqonda ebusa iphela nje isakhiwo umile. Ngelo xesha, ithiyori jikelele ka (GTR) kucingelwa ukuba kungekudala amandla yomtsalane kuya kukhokelela 'olubiyele' izinto indawo coil enye, apho kuya kubakho ekuthiwa-yokuwa omxhuzulane. Phakathi izinto space, akukho imikhosi nokungafunekiyo. umtsalane Mutual uyabhatalwa yimikhosi centrifugal ukwenza intshukumo osisigxina iinkwenkwezi, langa kunye nezinye imizimba. Ngoko ke inkxaso inkqubo kuvuselele.

Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuwa iphela yeengcingane, Einstein yaqalisa ukusoloko khozimologi.Sonke - ixabiso kubangele inkqubo ukuya kwimo ngcembe oyifunayo, kodwa eneneni wasungula ukuba akukho kwesizathu.

The Universe ukwandisa

Computing kunye nokuvula Friedmann kunye Hubble lubonise akukho mfuneko ukwaphula quadratic neyi ka jikelele kusetyenziswa rhoqo entsha. Kuye singqiniwe, yaye namhlanje oko phantse akukho namnye kwamathandabuzo ukuba yonke yanda, kwaba kanye isiqalo stationarity sokuthetha ukuya. Uphuhliso ngakumbi ngokuma kwakhokelela kwithiyori Big Bang. Eyona ubungqina uqikelelo amatsha - ukwanda zaphawula ekuhambeni kwexesha, umgama phakathi beminyele. Kuyinto umlinganiselo izinga ukususwa kwezinye iinkqubo ngalinye isithuba kufutshane yaye yakhokelela ekwakhiweni ye hypothesis ukuba kukho esimnyama kunye namandla emnyama.

Le data awuhambisani kunye nethiyori

Frits Tsvikki ngo-1931, yaye kamva Jan Oort ngo-1932 yaye ngo-1960 inxaxheba ngokubala ubunzima iyeza Sisihloko esemagqagaleni iminyele kunye kwawo nesantya lomgama lwabo omnye komnye. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha, izazinzulu ziye kufika kwisigqibo esifanayo: inani izinto ezinjalo Akwanelanga ukuba womxhuzulane eyilwe ngabo yayiphelela kunye iminyele ehamba ngesantya omkhulu onje. Zwicky and Oort hypothesized ukuba kukho ubunzima ofihlakeleyo esimnyama wendalo iphela, akavumeli izinto space Abachithachithe kumacala ahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, hypothesis iye yazuza ukuqatshelwa lesayensi kuphela yoma, emva kokwaziswa iziphumo Ruby Ukholo. It wakha ezigoso ukujikeleza ezibonisa ukuxhomekeka le uqina lo mnyele ingxam umgama leyo eyahlula ukusuka kwinkqubo embindini. Ngokwahlukileyo kwinkolelo theoretical yayikukuba isantya iinkwenkwezi njengoko kumgama ayipheli ukusuka esembindini, kukhula. Ukubaqononondisa lo yokuziphatha ayikwazanga izikhanyiso kuphela kukho iminyele halo, leyo Wawuzalisa esimnyama. Astronomy ke ngoko lijongene yinxalenye unexplored ngokupheleleyo iphela.

Izakhiwo kunye nokwakheka

Olu hlobo esimnyama ekuthiwa kuba awukwazi kubonwe yi naziphi na iindlela ezikhoyo. ubukho bakhe eyazekayo ubungqina: ukuba esimnyama kudala intsimi omxhuzulane mfundiso akachasi ngokupheleleyo amaza.

Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo ukuba evelileyo phambi kokuba izazinzulu, kwaba ukufumana impendulo yombuzo izinto kulo mbandela. Ukusetyenziswa wazama "ukugcwalisa" ukusoloko baryon kweziyobisi yakhe (mhaka baryonic iquka protons ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi wafunda, neutron kunye electron). Xa zinesangqa ezimnyama iminyele ziquka emissivity iinkwenkwezi compact ephantsi ezifana UDema brown kunye elikhulu, ngokobunzima kufutshane langa uJupiter. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nokucingela musa ukumelana elibukhali. into Baryonic, idlozi ze-yaziwa kakuhle, ngoko, akakwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ubunzima efihlakeleyo beminyele.

Namhlanje, ukukhangelwa amacandelo ezingaziwayo ababandakanyekayo physics. uphando Practical ngokusekelwe yobunzululwazi sekuba theory SUSY, apho ngenxa yamasuntswana nganye eyaziwa ikhona SUSY umphunga. Oko ngabo ababumba esimnyama. Noko ke, ubungqina ubukho amasuntswana ayifumanekanga kude, mhlawumbi, kwimeko elizayo.

eneji emnyama

Ukufunyanwa kwe uhlobo olutsha lwe mba awuphelelanga ezi- ukuba balungisa izazinzulu iphela. Ngowe-1998, akhona thaca elinye ithuba uthelekise ezi mbono kunye izibakala. Lo nyaka yabalasela dubulo lwe supernova kwindawo kumnyele kude kuthi. Izazi ziye Walinganisa ububanzi kuyo kwaye bamangaliswa kakhulu idatha eyafunyanwa: inkwenkwezi nolu- kakhulu ngakumbi kunokuba kumele ukuba ngokungqinelana kwithiyori okhoyo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, izinga lokwanda liyenyuka: ngoku ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka 14 billion eyadlulayo, xa yezizathu kwakukho yesiqalo enkulu.

Njengoko waziwa ukukhawulezisa intshukumo yomzimba, kuyimfuneko ukuba adlulisele amandla. Umoya owenza yonke ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza, waziwa ngokuba eneji emnyama. Oku akukho yinxalenye ngaphantsi obufihlakeleyo yonke ngaphezu esimnyama. Siyazi kuphela ukuba iphawulwa kunikezelo efanayo kuyo yonke iphela, kunye nefuthe layo angabhalisa kuphela imigama enkulu cosmic.

Kwakhona, njalo khozimologi.Sonke

eneji emnyama ihlunguzela ingcamango big bang. Inxalenye kuluntu lwezenzululwazi sokuthandabuza malunga nokwenzeka into enjalo, bamkhwelisa kuyo kukukhawulezisa ukwanda. Ezinye akhona zizama ukuvuselela njalo i-Einstein ilityalwe kaThixo khozimologi.Sonke, nto leyo kwakhona ukusuka kudidi impazamo enkulu zenzululwazi ungaya kwiqela yeengcinga zokusebenza. Ubukho balo quadratic yenza antigravity, ekhokelela yokunyusa kulwandiso. Noko ke, ezinye iziphumo phambi rhoqo khozimologi.Sonke awuhambisani kunye data lokuqwalasela.

Namhlanje, esimnyama kunye namandla amnyama enza uninzi umcimbi iphela - iphazili eenzululwazi. Impendulo engagungqiyo kumbuzo bemvelo yabo apho. Ngaphezu koko, oko akuyi kuhlala imfihlelo oqhubeka evela emajukujukwini kuthi. esimnyama kunye namandla sinokuba sisiqalo ezifunyaniswe ezintsha anokuba ngokuma umbono wethu isakhiwo iphela.