Polymerization of propylene: umzobo equation ifomula

Yintoni propylene polymerization? Ziziphi iimpawu ekuhambeni kwalo yokusabela chemical? Masizame ukufumana iimpendulo iinkcukacha zale mibuzo.

Abalinganiswa of iikhompawundi

Scheme polymerization abasabela ngayo ethylene kunye propylene kubonisa iipropati yemichiza eqhelekileyo, ophethwe onke amalungu iklasi ka olefins. Eli gama okungaqhelekanga yale Iklasi igama endala ezisetyenziswa ioli kushishino imichiza. Kwi-18 ethylene ngenkulungwane chloride yayifunyenwe, nto leyo yaba into elulwelo ezinamafutha.

Phakathi ngeempawu onke amalungu udidi hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo aliphatic qaphela ubukho kuzo ibhondi kabini.

polymerization olukhulu propylene luchazwa phambi kwesi isakhiwo kweziyobisi iqhina kabini.

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele

Zonke abameli thotho homologous of alkenes formula jikelele unalo Ifom C _n H _2n. mali olunganelanga hydrogen lwesakhiwo osemqoka ucacisa iimpawu imichiza ezi hydrocarbon.

Inxaki ye abasabela ngayo polymerization ye propylene isiqinisekiso ngqo ithuba enjalo yonxibelelwano discontinuity usebenzisa lobushushu eliphezulu kunye kuvala.

Unsaturated ebizwa allyl olukhulu okanye 2-propenyl. Kutheni polymerization of propylene lwenziwa? Imveliso yalo intsebenziswano kusebenza ngenxa Yindibanisela irabha zokwenziwa, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, zifunwa kushishino yemichiza mihla.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Propylene polymerization Le equation iqinisekisa kuphela acid, kodwa iimpawu ezibonakalayo ukwimo. Propylene na into sukube ngamanqaku okubila ephantsi nawokunyibilika. Mmeli yeklasi alkenes na ukunyibilika kakhulu amanzi.

iipropati chemical

Zibalo propylene polymerization indlela isobutylene kwaye zibonisa ukuba inkqubo iqhina kabini. monomers efanelekileyo ezi alkenes, kunye iimveliso isiphelo sale yentsebenziswano zezi ezinepolypropylene kunye polyisobutylene. Ukuba ibhondi carbon-carbon nge intsebenziswano enjalo ziya kuwohloka baze ekugqibeleni uya kuba izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo.

Iqhina kabini ukuyilwa neentambo entsha. Njengoko propylene polymerization kwenzeka? Indlela yale nkqubo efanayo inkqubo esivulekayo onke amanye amalungu ale udidi hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo.

Le polymerization indlela propylene ibandakanya embodiments eziliqela ukuvuza. Kwimeko yokuqala inkqubo oluqhutywa kwisigaba igesi. Ngokutsho lwalo yesibini, basabela aqhubeke kwisigaba engamanzi.

Ukongezelela, propylene kwaye iinkqubo polymerization kwezinye inkqubo lixesha equka ukusetyenziswa njengoko indlela yokudlulisela i ezizizembiwa ulwelo ifumile.

ubuchwepheshe bale mihla

Propylene polymerization in bulk kwiteknoloji Spheripol ludibaniso a reactor oluludaka ekuveliseni homopolymers. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa igesi-phase reactor psevdozhidkostnym layer ukudala copolymers block. Kulo mzekelo, basabela propylene polymerization kuquka ukongeza kwezixhobo ehlanganisa ehambelanayo extra, nokuqhuba prepolymerization.

inkqubo Iimpawu

Le ndlela iquka kuxutywa amacandelo kwiphakati ezizodwa ezilungiselelwe pre-inguqu. Okulandelayo, lo mxube kongezwe i reactor polymerization ngokwenzekayo, akukho kubonelelwa, kunye hydrogen, kunye propylene zeemoto.

zamandla Umsebenzi wenziwa kwiqondo lobushushu ezisukela 65 ukuya degrees 80 Celsius. Uxinzelelo kwinkqubo ayidluli ibha-40. Zamandla ukuze ahlelwe series, zisetyenziswa mveliso enzelwe ukuvelisa imithamo emikhulu yeemveliso Polymer.

Ukusuka kwi-reactor yesibini, umxube Polymer isusiwe. Polymerization of propylene kwi isisombululo sibandakanya ukutshintshwa degasser xinzelelo. Kukho yenziwa ekususeni kwamaqondo eparticulate homopolymer le monomer engamanzi.

imveliso copolymers block

Propylene polymerization Isibalo CH2 = CH - CH3 kule meko unalo indlela esezantsi percolation, kukho umahluko kuphela kwiimeko zenkqubo. Bekunye propylene kunye ethene powder ukusuka degasser isesekuqaleni yaye isaza igesi reactor ukusebenza kubushushu omalunga 70 degrees Celsius kunye noxinzelelo angekho ngaphezulu kwe-15 bar.

copolymers Block emva kokususwa ukusuka kwi-reactor kondliwa a Polymer zeemoto kwamaqondo eparticulate ekhethekileyo evela kwinkqubo monomer.

Polymerization of propylene kunye nefuthe butadiene iintlobo enganyangekiyo uvumela ukusetyenziswa reactor kwisigaba igesi yesibini. It ivumela ukunyusa izinga propylene kwi Polymer. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukongeza ongeziweyo kwimveliso igqityiwe, ukusetyenziswa granulation igalelo umgangatho imveliso onesiphumo.

Ingakumbi polymerization of alkenes

Kukho umahluko phakathi ukwenza polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene. Propylene polymerization Le equation ivumela ukuqonda ukuba isicelo okulindelekileyo lobushushu. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iiyantlukwano ezikhoyo Inqanaba lokugqibela le-nkqubo umxokelelwane, ngokunjalo kwiindawo ukusebenzisa imveliso yokugqibela.

Le peroxide esetyenziselwa nentlaka, okuye iipropati kakhulu rheological. Baye eziphakamileyo kumanqanaba yokumpompoza anyibilike, iimpawu ezifanayo emzimbeni kwabo nezinto yokuba sinamazinga index anyibilike kwemali.

Emahlamvini ukuba iimpawu ezigqwesileyo rheological, lisetyenziswa isitofu inqubo yokubumba, yaye kwimeko imicu mveliso.

Ukuphucula elubala amandla nezinto polymeric abavelisi azame ukongeza kwi umxube reaction crystallizes kudla ezizodwa. Inxalenye ezinepolypropylene izinto ezibonisa ngaphaya ngcembe indawo ezinye izinto kummandla ngesibetho yokubumba kunye nokudalwa eyahlulayo.

Iimpawu polymerization

Polymerization of propylene phambi carbon isebenze uyaqhubeka ngokukhawuleza. Xa isicelo ngoku isakhiwo carbon yempela kunye metal lenguqu, ngokusekelwe adsorptive ikhono carbon. Imveliso polymerization ifunyenwe ukuba iimpawu zokusebenza obalaseleyo.

Ipharamitha ephambili yenkqubo polymerization izenzo rate reaction ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwakheka stereoisomeric le Polymer. Ixabiso kwaye ubume bendalo kunye eekhemikhali kuvala, polymerization medium, ngesidanga ntumbuluko amacandelo inkqubo abasabela ngayo.

Polymer yomgama ifunyenwe kwisigaba bomzi kwaye owahlukeneyo, ukuba umbuzo ethylene. Isizathu kukuba nokungabikho regioisomers kweziyobisi. Ukuze ufumane ezinepolypropylene isotactic, zama ukusebenzisa titanium chloride aluminium iikhompawundi okuqinileyo.

Ekusebenziseni le adsorbed ezimbaxa kwi chloride crystalline titanium (3), ukuba unako ukufumana imveliso kunye neempawu ezinqwenelekayo. yenethiwekhi Ilibele njalo ayikho into esaneleyo yokuzuza stereospecificity eliphezulu kuvala. Ngokomzekelo, xa yokukhetha titanium iodide (3) apho yenyuswa Polymer atactic ngakumbi.

Awona macandelo iza ngasentla unguye Lewis umlinganiswa, ngoko ezinxulumene ne kukhethwa eliphakathi. Ummandla kakhulu kukusetyenziswa hydrocarbon egalelwe. Ekubeni titanium chloride (5) yeyona adsorbent esebenzayo, ekhethiweyo hydrocarbon ikakhulu aliphatic. Njengoko propylene polymerization kwenzeka? Ifomula imveliso (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. efana zasabela mayiqhutywe namanye amalungu ale homologous ngcelele ngokwayo reaction algorithm.

chemical intsebenziswano

Hlalutya iindlela ezisisiseko ukuzamazamana propylene. Nicinga ukuba isakhiwo waso ibhondi kabini, abasabela eziphambili kwenzeka kanye intshabalalo yayo.

Le halogenation oluqhutywa phaya kubushushu nje. Xa kwendawo umsantsa kunxibelelwano esimbaxa kwenzeka unimpeded eqale halogen. Kuye kwasekwa digalogenproizvodnoe umchiza Ngenxa yale intsebenziswano. Into enzima kuyenzeka iodization. Bromination kunye chlorination inzuzo ngaphandle nayiphi na imiqathango eyongezelelweyo kunye neendleko zamandla. Fluorination of propylene aqhubeke explosively.

Le hydrogenation asabela iquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-namafutha olongezelelweyo. Lo kuvala isebenza platinum, nickel. Ngenxa yentsebenziswano lwemichiza propylene kunye hydrogen, propane senziwe - ummeli iklasi ka-hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi.

Ukuxovwa (uqhagamshelo amanzi) ikhutshwa phandle VV Markovnikov mthetho. umongo wayo wokungena bond kabini ukuya hydrogen atom carbon ye propylene leyo eye ubuninzi imali yayo. Enigcoba halogen ifakelelwe C, nto leyo eye ubuncinane inani hydrogen.

Kuba propylene yokutsha eqhelekileyo air oksijini. Ngenxa yale intsebenziswano ziya kufumaneka iimveliso ezimbini eziphambili: carbon dioxide, umphunga wamanzi.

Xa yintshukumo iioksidenti enamandla imichiza ezifana potassium permanganate, oko umbala kuphawula. Phakathi imveliso abasabela ngayo a utywala dihydric (ethers).

Ukulungiswa propylene

lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili Zonke iindlela: elebhu, mveliso. Elabhoratri unako ukufumana propylene kunye nokuphelisa hydrogen halide ukusuka haloalkyl uqale xa isetyenziswe isisombululo utywala sodium hayidroksayidi.

Propylene lukhutshwe hydrogenation ekujonganeni of propyne. i impahla phantsi kweemeko yemigaqo zingafumaneka ngokuthi emzimbeni of propanol-1. Le yokusabela chemical isetyenziswa njenge yempela phosphoric okanye sulphuric acid, aluminium oxide.

Indlela ukufumana propylene kukuninzi? Ngenxa yokuba uhlobo kwemichiza kunqabile, iye yaphuhliswa embodiments mveliso yayo irisithi. Avamise kakhulu nokukhethwa alkene evela iimveliso zepetroliyam.

Umzekelo, kwi-oli ekrwada ngokuhlaziya kwibhedi ekhethekileyo fluidized. Propylene efunyanwa iqhezu pyrolysis ipetroli. Okwangoku alkene kunye owayengahlali gas ezinxulumene, iimveliso sukube of coking wamalahle.

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ezinokukhethwa propylene pyrolysis:

• e emlilweni tube;
• kwi reactor usebenzisa zwi njengesipholisi;
• inkqubo Yakobson;
• pyrolysis autothermal lendlela Bartlomiej.

Phakathi inkunkuma yorhwebo kufuneka kuqatshelwe iiteknoloji dehydrogenation ekujonganeni of hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi.

isicelo

Propylene has iintlobo kwezicelo, kwaye ke ngoko zaveliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kushishino. imbonakalo yakhe, ezizizembiwa unsaturated ubotshelelwe isebenza Natta. , Ngenkulungwane ye-yamashumi amabini usebenzisa Ziegler bavela nobuchwepheshe polymerization.

Natta isotactic ilawula ukufumana imveliso ogama kubo isotactic, ukususela isakhiwo maqela imethyl zilungiswe kwelinye icala chain. Ngesi ngobuwena, "ezingxobeni" le molekyuli Polymer, izinto polymeric ngenxa uneempawu mechanical obalaseleyo. Polypropylene isetyenziselwa nokuveliswa imicu zokwenziwa, njengokuba kufunwa intlama zeplastiki.

Malunga nama-ishumi ekhulwini yeoli kudliwe ukuvelisa propylene oxide kwayo. De phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, esi izinto eziphilayo yayifunyenwe indlela chlorohydrin. Indlela abasabela wabe ngokusebenzisa ukubunjwa propilenhlorgidrina eliphakathi. Kule mishini kuneengxaki ethile enxulumene nokusetyenziswa chlorine zexabiso kunye lime hydrated.

Kule mihla inkqubo chalcone iye endaweni ubuchwepheshe. Oku kusekelwe intsebenziswano eekhemikhali propene kunye hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide lisetyenziswa njini propilengligolya uza ukuvelisa amagwebu lyu. Bona zithathwa mothuko obalaseleyo ukufunxa izinto, ngoko ndiye ekudalweni zizinto ebekupakishwe, iikhaphethi, ifenitshala, ubushushu zokwambathisa izinto, ulwelo kunye sorbent filter eendaba.

Ngaphezulu koko, phakathi izicelo eziphambili propylene kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya Yindibanisela acetone kunye isopropyl utywala. Isopropyl utywala, ekubeni isinyibilikisi obubalaseleyo, uthathwa ukuba imveliso zexabiso imichiza. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, imveliso zomgquba ezifunyenwe yi indlela acid sulphuric.

Ngaphezu koko, netheknoloji ukuxovwa ngqo propene ukuze ziqaliswe indlela umxube ehlanganisa emuncu. Malunga nesiqingatha zonke propanol eveliswa ingena acetone yokuqaphela. Le Ukusabela kubandakanya ukupheliswa hydrogen oluqhutywa phaya degrees 380 Celsius. Ehlanganisa kule nkqubo zezona izinc nangobhedu.

Phakathi amacandelo ebalulekileyo ukusetyenziswa propylene hydroformylation ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo. Ipropu uya imveliso aldehydes. Oksisintez kwilizwe lethu waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Okwangoku, esi simo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino petrochemical le. Le khemikhali indlela propylene nge gas amagama (umxube carbon monoxide yehayidrojini) kubushushu degrees 180, ayibe oxide kuvala kunye uxinzelelo umoya 250 elifana neli ukuyilwa aldehydes ezimbini. Omnye isakhiwo eqhelekileyo, okwesibini - chain carbon egosogoso.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokufunyanwa kwale nkqubo, ke le indlela liye laba ugqaliselo yophando izazinzulu ezininzi. Baye bakhangela iindlela ukunciphisa iimeko livela, wazama ukunciphisa ipesenti onesiphumo umxube lwesakhiwo aldehyde branched.

Ukulungiselela le njongo kuye kwasungulwa inkqubo ukonga eziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezinye ehlanganisa. Kwaba lula ukunciphisa ubushushu, uxinzelelo, ukunyusa imveliso lwesakhiwo aldehyde yomgama.

Esters of acrylic acid ezo nayo enxulumene polymerization of propylene lisetyenziswa copolymers. Malunga 15 ekhulwini propene petrochemical lisetyenziswa izinto yokuqala ukudala akrionitrila. Icandelo eziphilayo olufunekayo kwimveliso ezixabisekileyo iikhemikhali ifayibha - nitrone, ukudalwa iiplastiki, imveliso irabha.

isiphelo

Polypropylene ithathwa ngoku imveliso enkulu petrochemical. Imfuneko ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezixabisa kancinci Polymer ukunyuka, ngoko oko ngokuthe ngcembe indawo polyethylene. Kuyinto buyafuneka ukudala ukuphakheja engqongqo, iipleyiti, iifilim, lwaka, iphepha zokwenziwa, intambo, amaqhosha ikhaphethi, kwakunye ukudala ezahlukeneyo izinto zasendlini. Ekuqaleni imveliso ezinepolypropylene kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ubekwa kwindawo yesibini kwishishini Polymer le. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zamashishini ezahlukeneyo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba kwixa elizayo utyekelo yemveliso elikhulu-isikali propylene kunye ethylene.