Le ndlela yokubala jikelele ukuba alkenes. Iimpawu kunye abalinganiswa of alkenes

Le khompawundi kakhulu elula organic ziquka isinyibiliko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo. Ezi ziquka izinto ze alkanes yeklasi, alkynes, alkenes.

Ifomula ekungabalwa yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon atom ngolandelelwano ethile kunye nobungakanani. Bona afunyanwa rhoqo kwindalo.

Ukumiselwa alkenes

Okunye igama labo - okanye hydrocarbon olefins ethylene. Oku ke kubizwa ngokuba udidi iikhompawundi esebenzayo ngenkulungwane ye-18 xa uvula ulwelo olunamafutha - ethylene chloride.

Ngu alkenes-mzimba zizinto ubunjwe carbon kunye hydrogen iziqalelo. Basonta hydrocarbon acyclic. Ezi molekyuli abakhoyo kuphela kabini (unsaturated) udibaniso odibanisa ezi athom ezimbini carbon omnye komnye.

alkenes ifomula

Iklasi nganye iikhompawundi uye leligama imichiza. Isimboli yimiba yenkqubo ngamaxesha kubonisiwe ngoobani kunye nolwakhiwo uxhulumaniso wenkqu nganye.

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkenes zibonakaliswe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: C _n H _2n, apho inani le n mkhulu okanye ilingana 2. Ukuba yonke ezama oko kunokubonwa ukuba atom carbon ngamnye kufuneka athom ezimbini hydrogen.

alkenes Ezinto formula thotho homologous bafanekiselwa mibutho ilandelayo: C ₂ H _4, C ₃ H _6, C ₄ H _8, C ₅ H _10, C ₆ H _12, C ₇ H _14, C ₈ H _16, C ₉ H _18, C ₁₀ H _20. Oku kunokubonwa ukuba ezizizembiwa ngalinye iqulethe carbon esinye ngaphezulu kule hydrogen-2 nangaphezulu.

Kukho uphawu indawo oluntanganye kunye umyalelo anemichiza phakathi atom kwi molecule, ebonisa indlela noshowo alkenes. Ngoncedo lwe Valence kubonisiwe yekhabhoni hydrogen.

formula noshowo Alkenes ziya kuboniswa ngendlela eyandisiweyo, xa eboniswe, zonke izinto imichiza kunye nonxibelelwano. Ibinzana ngqo ngakumbi ayiboniswanga olefins carbon ezimbaxa hydrogen ngokusebenzisa Valence.

Formula abele skeletal isakhiwo zilula. umgca Broken zimele isiseko molecule apho athom carbon zinikwa tops yayo iphela, kunye amakhonkco hydrogen kuyo.

Indlela ukwenza igama olefins

Ngokusekelwe nokuhlelwa ecwangcisiweyo, ifomula kunye namagama alkenes ukusuka alkanes zenze isakhiwo ephathelele hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Ukwenza oku egameni isimamva lokugqibela An indawo -ilen okanye -eka. Umzekelo ukuyilwa butane-butylene kunye pentene evela pentane.

Ukuze ubonise indawo kuthelekiswa uxhulumaniso kabini athom carbon eboniswe Amanani Arabic ekupheleni kwegama.

Xa intliziyo amagama alkenes na nesikhundla ezizizembiwa kunye chain elide apho umanyano kabini ekhoyo. Ngexesha lokuqala iinombolo chain uqobo okhethiweyo ekupheleni leyo ikufutshane umchiza unsaturated, atom carbon.

Ukuba formula noshowo alkenes uye amasebe ezibonisa igama radicals kunye nenombolo, banikwe indawo ohambelana lixabiso samanani kwi kwikhonkco carbon. Ilandelwa yi igama hydrocarbon. Emva kokuba amanani zidla ubeke ikhonco.

Kukho namahlumela ezihluthiyo olukhulu. Amagama yabo ibe yinto engenamsebenzi okanye akhiwa imithetho nokuhlelwa indlela.

Umzekelo, NSC = CH- wabhekisela ethenyl okanye IVinyl.

isomers

alkenes formula Ezinto inokungabonisi ukuba isomerism. Noko ke, ngenxa yale iklasi yezinto, ngaphandle kokuba ethylene yomoya ukwahluka lwendawo azalwa.

Isomers hydrocarbon ethylenic singaba amathambo carbon, ka ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano Indawo unsaturated okanye lwesithuba.

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkenes kugqiba ubungakanani carbon yehayidrojini atom kwi umxokelelwane, kodwa alubonisi ubukho kunye nendawo ibhondi kabini kuyo. Umzekelo cyclopropane njenge cross-iklasi Isomer C ₃ H ₆ (propylene). Ezinye iindidi isomerism, ziboniswa kwi-C ₄ H ₈ okanye butene.

Ingxubevange status unxibelelwano unsaturated lwenzeka kwi butene-1 okanye butene-2, kwimeko yokuqala, uqhagamshelwano kabini ikufuphi-atom carbon kuqala, yaye le yesibini - phakathi kwe chain. Isomers of carbon skeleton nako kuqwalaselwa umzekelo methylpropene (CH ₃ -C (CH ₃₎ = CH ₂₎ kunye isobutylene _((CH3) 2C = CH _2).

ukwahluka Spatial azalwa butene-2 kunye kaKishe-trans sikhundla. Kwimeko yokuqala amaqela zibelekwe ibekwe ngasentla nangasezantsi kwikhonkco carbon ephambili ngokuzikhanyeza kabini kwi substituents yesibini isomer kakhulu kwicala elinye.

Iimpawu ze olefins

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkenes umisela imeko ebonakalayo onke amalungu ale klasi. Ukuqala kunye nesiphelo kunye ethylene butylene _(C-2 ukuya C _4), izinto ezikhoyo ifomu sukube. Ngoko ethene enemibala abe livumba sweetish, ukunyibilika esezantsi emanzini, ubunzima molekyuli ngaphantsi koko umoya.

Xa uhlobo elulwelo, thaca hydrocarbon ixesha homologous ukusuka _C-5 ukuya C _17. Ukususela nge alkene nje kwikhonkco engundoqo 18 athom carbon, inguqulelo karhulumente ebonakalayo ngendlela esiqinileyo.

Zonke olefins oluphezulu ukunyibilika ihlwempu eendaba zolwelo, kodwa okulungileyo nohlobo kweziphilayo isinyibilikisi, ezifana benzene okanye ipetroli. ubunzima lwabo ezinto lingaphantsi koko amanzi. Ukwandisa umkhondo carbon chain ukuya ngokonyuswa lokunybilika kunye okubila ezi zihlanganisi e iimpawu obushushu.

izakhiwo olefins

alkenes ifomula lokwakheka ibonisa ubukho iqhina kabini kwi skeleton kanye σ- of π- kokuxhuma athom ezimbini carbon. Esi sakhiwo kwemolekyuli igqiba iipropati yayo chemical. Unxibelelwano-π ithathwa ngokuba engenamandla kakhulu, nto leyo yenza kube lula ukuba siyitshabalalise ngexesha lokusekwa omtsha iibhondi-σ ezimbini, ezithi afunyenwe ngenxa yokuba abazibandakanya ipere athom. Ezi hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ezi abanikeli electron. Bona bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo electrophilic uhlobo lonxibelelwano.

Kwipropathi ebalulekileyo lwemichiza alkenes yinkqubo halogenation kunye nokukhululwa iikhompawundi ezifana izinto digalogenoproizvodnym. athom Halogen kungase kufakwe umchiza ngenxa carbons kabini. Umzekelo bromination of propylene ukwenza i-dibromopropane 1,2:

H ₂ C = CH-CH ₃ + Br ₂ → BrCH ₂ -CHBr-CH _3.

Le nkqubo neutralization imibala in emanzini bromine alkenes ingqalelo ubungqina esemgangathweni phambi bond kabini.

Indlela ezibalulekileyo olifinov ibalisa hydrogenation kongezwe iimolekyuli hydrogen phantsi amanyathelo zesinyithi iza ezifana platinum, palladium okanye nickel. Oku kuphumela hydrocarbon ngokuzikhanyeza, makangalihlambeli ilizwi ifumile. alkanes Formula, alkenes zinikwe apha ngezantsi xa hydrogenation of butene:

CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + H ₂ → CH ₃ ^Ni -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

Inkqubo wokujoyina halide ezibizwa olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem abadlula umthetho, vula Markovnikov. Umzekelo hydrobromination of propylene ukwenza 2-bromopropane. It edibene hydrogen-carbon bond kabini, egqalwa kakhulu hydrogenated:

CH ₃ -CH = CH ₂ + HBr → CH ₃ -BrCH-CH _3.

amanzi alkenes Ukongeza reaction nee-asidi yaziwa ngokuba ukuxovwa. Isiphumo molecule utywala 2-propanol :

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + H ₂ O → CH ₃ -OHCH-CH _3.

Xa baboniswa alkenes sulphuric inkqubo acid sulfonation kwenzeka:

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + HO-Oso-OH → CH ₃ -CH ₃ CH-Oso ₂ -OH.

Indlela abasabela wabe kunye ukuyilwa esters acid, umz, izopropilsernoy acid.

Alkenes bangenwe namachibi xa utshisa labo phantsi inyathelo oxygen ukuze amanzi kunye carbon dioxide:

2Ch ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + 9O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O.

Indlela iikhompawundi olefinic kunye yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano potassium permanganate kwi isisombululo simenza glycols isakhiwo okanye alkoholi dihydric. Le yokusabela kwakhona oxidising ukwenza ethylene ethers kunye nesisombululo aphuphe:

3h ₂ C = CH ₂ + 4H ₂ Owu + 2KMnO ₄ → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO ₂ + 2KOH.

molecule Alkene uthatha inxaxheba kule polymerization kunye ezinkulu okanye cationic-anionic indlela free. Kwimeko yokuqala, phantsi kwempembelelo peroxides wafumana uhlobo polyethylene Polymer.

Ngokutsho indlela yesibini ehlanganisa cationic le arhente acid kunye anionic ukuba Polymer organometallic ngesabelo stereoselective.

Yintoni alkanes

Zibizwa paraffins okanye ukunciphisa hydrocarbon acyclic. Zinelungelo yomgama okanye isakhiwo branched, equlethe iibhondi kuphela kwizinyibilikisi. Onke amalungu thotho homologous kule klasi kuba jikelele formula C _n H _{2n + 2.}

Kubume iqulethe kuphela athom yekhabhoni hydrogen. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkene kwakhiwa nobhalo ifumile hydrocarbon.

Amagama alkanes kunye neempawu zazo

Ummeli elula lesi sigaba methane. Elandelwa zizinto ezifana-methane, propane kunye butane. Egameni labo yingcambu ye yesi ulwimi yesiGrike, apho idityaniswe kule iphindwe nesimamva. amagama Alkanes adweliswe kwi-IUPAC nokuhlelwa.

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkenes, alkynes, alkanes iquka iintlobo ezimbini kuphela-athom. Ezi zibandakanya ezi zinto yekhabhoni hydrogen. Inani athom carbon kuzo zonke iiklasi ezintathu idibanisa, umehluko waphawula kuphela inani yehayidrojini ukuba lwanamathela okanye ukujoyina. hydrocarbon Of kugcwale ifunyenwe iikhompawundi ezihluthiyo. Nabameli paraffins eziqulethwe molecule ngaphezulu 2 hydrogen atom ngaphezu olefin, nto leyo engqina ifomula jikelele alkanes, alkenes. isakhiwo Alkenes kuthathwa ngenxa yobukho bond unsaturated kabini.

Ukuba sithelekisa inani yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon atom kwi alkane, ixabiso eliphezulu iza kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi hydrocarbon.

Ekubeni methane kunye nesiphelo butane (C ₁ ukuya C _4), izinto ezikhoyo ifomu sukube.

Xa uhlobo elulwelo, thaca hydrocarbon ixesha homologous ukusuka _C-5 ukuya C _16. Ekubeni alkane nje kwikhonkco engundoqo 17 athom carbon, inguqulelo karhulumente ebonakalayo ngendlela esiqinileyo.

Bona luphawulwa isomerism le skeleton carbon nokulungalungiswa ezamehlo kwemolekyuli.

Le valences paraffins carbon kuthathwa ekuhlalwa kuyo ngokupheleleyo carbons ezikufutshane okanye hydrogen ukwenza uqhagamshelwano σ-hlobo. Ngokwembono imichiza, oku kubangela iimpawu zabo buthathaka, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba alkanes zibizwa ngokuba umda okanye hydrocarbon befumile oswele ngobuhlobo.

Bengena ngayo endaweni ezinxulumene halogenation yi sulfochlorination uhlobo nitration olukhulu okanye molecule.

Paraffins bangenele inkqubo igcwala, yokutsha okanye yokubola kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Phantsi accelerators amanyathelo reactions cleavage kwenzeka i-atom hydrogen okanye dehydrogenation of alkanes.

Yintoni alkynes

Zibizwa kwakhona hydrocarbon iasithilini, apho carbon ekhoyo kwi kwikhonkco iqhina ezintathu. Ubume alkyne ochazwe yi kwifomula C jikelele _n H _{2 n-2.} Oku kunokubonwa ukuba ngokuchaseneyo alkanes evela hydrocarbon acetylenic uswele athom ezine hydrogen. Bona indawo iqhina emithathu, lisekwa unxulumano ezimbini π-.

Esi sakhiwo umisela iimpawu imichiza kule klasi. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo alkenes kunye alkynes kubonisa unsaturation ye zomoya kunye nobukho kabini (H ₂ C꞊CH ₂₎ kunye (HC≡CH) uxhulumaniso kathathu.

alkynes Igama kunye neempawu zazo

Ummeli elula iasithilini okanye HC≡CH. Oku nezaziwa ethynyl. It sivela igama ezizizembiwa ifumile, leyo wasusa iphindwe nesimamva kwaye dibanisa -ukuze. Xa amagama mzobo elide-alkyne zibonisa indawo iqhina ezintathu.

Ukwazi isakhiwo ezizizembiwa ifumile eyaneleyo, oko kumiselwa phantsi ileta kubonisa indlela jikelele alkynes: a) CnH2n; a) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2; g) CnH2n-6. Impendulo echanekileyo yeyona ndlela yesithathu.

Ukuqalisa ukusuka iasithilini kunye nesiphelo butane _(C-2 ukuya C _4), izinto ezi sukube ngokwendalo.

Xa ulwelo hydrocarbon fomu ixesha homologous ukusuka C ₅ ukuya C _17. Ukususela alkyne nje kwikhonkco engundoqo 18 athom carbon, inguqulelo karhulumente ebonakalayo ngendlela esiqinileyo.

Bona luphawulwa isomerism ngamathambo carbon, ngoBume unxibelelwano triple kunye ezahlukeneyo kancincane molecule.

Ngeempawu yemichiza ezifanayo hydrocarbon acetylenic alkenes.

Ukuba yesiphelo bond alkyne triple, zisebenza zenze iityuwa umsebenzi alkinidov acid, umz, NaC≡CNa. Ubukho kwiqhina-π amabini kwenza molecule sodium nucleophile atsetiledina abangena ngayo endaweni olomeleleyo.

Iasithilini agalelwa ikhlorini phambi chloride ubhedu ukufumana dichloroacetyl, amafu phantsi amanyathelo lokukhululwa haloalkynyl iimolekyuli diacetylenic.

Alkynes inxaxheba ukongeza reactions electrophilic, lo mgaqo leyo oxhasa i halogenation gidrogalogenirovaniya, ukuxovwa kunye carbonylation. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezinjalo abanamandla ngaphezu koko of alkenes ngokuzikhanyeza, makangalihlambeli ilizwi kabini.

Kuba hydrocarbon acetylenic nga nucleophilic Ukongeza abasabela ngayo uhlobo utywala molecule, a ngomdla samabanga okanye emanzini.