Iintlobo kwezinto eziphilayo isomerism

Isomerism - isici kunokuba ezibalulekileyo zemichiza, ngokuba isakhiwo kunye noqhelwaniso kwemolekyuli ixhomekeke iimpahla zazo. Iintlobo isomers kwakunye kwisakhiwo osemqoka kwezinto ayenziwa wafunda unanamhla.

Isomers kunye isomerization: yintoni na?

Phambi kokuba kucingwe iintlobo eziphambili isomerism, kubalulekile ukufumana ukuba ithetha ntoni le kota. Kucingwa ukuba isomerism na isenzeko ukuba xa compound yemichiza (okanye isomers) isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulungiselela athom, kodwa nangona kunjalo luphawulwa ubume enye ubunzima eziphilayo.

Enyanisweni, igama elithi "isomerization" wabonakala kwinzululwazi ayikho kudala. eminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, wawuqhutywa ukuba ezinye izinto kunye efanayo parameters ubunzima lwalusanda kunye efanayo athom bahluka ngeempawu zazo.

Ngokomzekelo, iidiliya kunye tartaric acid. Ukongeza, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba phakathi izazinzulu J. von Liebig kunye nengxoxo Friedrich Wohler ingxabano. Ekuhloleni amaninzi, kwakugqitywa kwelokuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini kweziyobisi kunye AgCNO ifomula - ukucupha tsianovokisloe nesilivere, leyo, nangona ukwakhiwa efanayo, kufuneka iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Sele 1830, loo nto iye yaziswa kwi isomerization yenzululwazi.

Kwixesha elizayo, enkosi umsebenzi A. Butlerov kunye J. van't Hoff lungisa mkhuba isomers kunye noshowo lwendawo.

Isomerization - yokusabela ezithile, apho kukho inguqu isomers noshowo omnye komnye. Ngokomzekelo singathatha into uthotho alkanes. iintlobo noshowo isomerism of alkanes ukuba ezinye izinto ukuba akuguquki isoalkanes. Ngenxa yoko, kwanda kushishino octane amafutha. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba iimpawu ezinjalo kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso shishino.

Iintlobo isomerism zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu.

isomers zezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo

Le isomerism noshowo - zesiganeko apho isomers ayashiyana kubume michiza. Kubekho ichonge kweentlobo ezithile

1. Isomerism ngamathambo carbon. Loo isheyiphu ekuso ukuba carbon kwaye ezinxulumene umyalelo eyahlukileyo neentambo phakathi athom carbon.

2. Isomers ngoBume iqela ezisebenzayo. Le meko kungenxa kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zeqela ezisebenzayo okanye amaqela kwi molecule. Ngokomzekelo, 4-2-hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.

3. Isomers izibopho ezininzi. Hi ndlela leyi, apha ziquka yeyona ixhaphakileyo isomerism of alkenes iintlobo. Le isomers ayashiyana indawo iqhina unsaturated.

4. Isomerism iqela ezisebenzayo. Kulo mzekelo, iyonke le nto leyo igcinwe, kodwa iimpawu kunye nohlobo ezininzi amaqela ezisebenzayo yatshintsha. Ngokomzekelo, dimethyl iEtere , kunye ethanol.

iintlobo Spatial of isomerism

Stereoisomers (space) ezinxulumene kunye nofundiso ezahlukeneyo molecule isakhiwo esifanayo.

1. isomers ezamehlo (enantiomers). Le fom edibene njengokujikeleza amaqela asebenzayo ehlabathini unxibelelwano yezi zinto. Kwiimeko ezininzi le nto iye i-atom carbon yezi leyo yesondo substituents ezine. Ngenxa yoko, njengokujikeleza moya ka nokwehlukana sokukhanya. Oku kuvelisa ekuthiwa antipodes esipilini isomers. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, le yokugqibela luphawulwa ngokukhulu iipropati efanayo.

2. diastereomers. Eli binzana libhekisela isomerism lomhlaba, ngenxa apho izinto nje antipodes kwakhiwa.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ubukho isomers kunokwenzeka ngokuyintloko ngenxa yenani imixokelelwane carbon. Okukhona amathambo carbon, kokukhona inani isomers ukuze kuyilwa.