Ingaba kukho izilwanyana indlela zikhwelwe umcebisi?

amasebe ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi ejongene imihlanganisela ukufuya, ukwandisa kwemfuyo kunye neentlobo-bacteria kusetyenziswa zombini iindlela zemveli asakhulayo kunye namacebo aluncedo. Baya becala kuxhomekeka kumsebenzi yokhetho into. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhlola kunye nezityalo, isazinzulu unokusebenzisa lokukhetha ubunzima okanye indlela Mentor, kanti izilwanyana okanye Cya ubuchule ezinjalo abasetyenziswa kulinganiselwe, yaye ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwaphela.

Injongo yeli nqaku ukucacisa umbuzo wokuba ingaba le fomu lweenkomo, njenge ndlela iingcebiso, oko isondlo kunokwenzeka yaye kusenzeka ukudala amatsha okanye ukuphucula iintlobo ezikhoyo iinkomo, iihagu neenkuku.

nokuzalana kwazo ingakumbi isilwanyana

Luphawu Yaziswa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi umsebenzi Charles Darwin "Ukutshintsha izilwanyana zasekhaya kwaye belima izityalo phantsi kwempembelelo wekhaya," ebhalwe kwinkulungwane ye-19, nangoku iyafuneka ukufunda lonke kwabeMi izazinzulu mihla inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyenziwayo. Ichonge ubuchule eziphambili ukufuya: hybridization, heterosis kunye yokuzalisana zisekelwe kukhetho ngumntu.

Xa ukuhlola izilwanyana kokuba ukuthintelwa isicelo kwifomu omkhulu, njengokuba abantu ababini abantu umzali ngokuqhelekileyo anike imali encinane ibhastile nto, nganye iphethe ixabiso elithile kwi elingana eziphathekayo. Singalibali ke ukuba amalungu iindidi iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, leyo kusenze izinto eziphambili lweenkomo, uphawu kuphela ukuzala ngokwesondo. Oku kuthetha ukuba le ndlela esekelwe kwiifomu kwezityalo (izithole, amagqabi, akayicingi), kuba izilwanyana ayamkelekanga. Ukujongana umbuzo ukuba usebenzise izilwanyana ezizalayo Kucetyiswe ndlela kuya kuba kusengqiqweni kuqala ukufumana undoqo le ndlela.

indlela utitshala

Iintlawulo ebezisalele Russian Isazinzulu wayengumfuyi I. V. Michurin, izifundo brilliant ezibe ebalulekileyo kwinzululwazi ehlabathini, isicelo ekujoliswe rapprochement kwezityalo phakathi kwezityalo ezimbini kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu ababini baqala ukufumana entsha ngokwakho iimpawu kunye neempawu. Umzekelo, ukuba ukutshintsha imilo, ubungakanani okanye umbala iziqhamo, kwakunye nomgangatho wabo flavoring. Ngokusebenzisa no- Naselukakayini isiphunzi izityalo, I. V. Michurin wakwazi ukudala imeko apho ndiza kuqala ukufumana izondlo nasezintakeni umzali.

Konke oku isiphumo isiphelo ukutshintsha indlela abasabela pathways xa iiseli zomzimba wamiliselwa ziintlanga, kungoko iimpawu zayo phenotypic. Le ndlela echazwe-zingentla ugonyo iye yaziwa zikhwelwe plant njengendlela ngumcebisi.

Imizekelo ukudalwa iintlobo ezintsha leziqhamo

Enye kuqala I. Michurin ngo-1908, kukho iintlobo-apile-Kitaika Bellefleur. Njengoko wayengumfuyi nanyana nanzalo nomthi osandul 'ukutyalwa wathabatha iintlobo American Bellefleur ezimthubi incasa ebalaseleyo. Isithombo isiphunzi bakhonza Kitaika omkhulu-fruited - iintlobo Local yakhululwa kummandla Central Russia. zalo eziluncedo engundoqo nokumelana ukubanda ukuxhathisa izifo apile - injaduko kunye angumgubo nangesihumba. Ukusebenzisa indlela umcebisi, umphengululi ngenxa hybridization waba iindidi ezintsha, eyona apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko zemozulu ezinzima kwisibanzi emantla, kudityaniswe incasa high iziqhamo. Michurinist apile iintlobo babe nyama ikhephu-ezimhlophe incasa ilekese livumba ubuncwane nokuthantamisa.

Kule inkcubeko ukuze ngaphezu kwekhulu kuqhubeka ikhule kumakhaya zabucala, Russia nje kuphela kodwa Ukraine, Armenia, republic North neAsia. Begadi baqonde le ezahlukeneyo ngenxa nezivuno ophakamileyo kunye ukuxhathisa yiqabaka. Kwizikhululo kufuywe kunye nakwiindawo zokukhulisa izithole iziqhamo eziphathekayo Bellefleur-umqhaphu ke isetyenziswe isiphunzi kwinkqubo hybridization, ngoko wadalwa iintlobo ezintsha 13.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo zemfundo abafumana izityalo gqith zemiyalelo

Ngokusekelwe izibakala ngasentla, oko kucaca kubaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wophando I. V. Michurina, ngubani nje yaqulunqa indlela emcebisayo, kodwa wazenza kuye omnye wakubathetheli-okhokelayo ukufuya ezintsha zezilimo iziqhamo kunye berry.

Amalinge alandela Scientist - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova kunye nabanye abasebenzi All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of iziqhamo lokuzalanisa kuthwa iinjongo ekufuneka ziphunyeziwe ngenxa isicelo iindlela ejolise imfundo izithole hybrid.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ezi ziquka: ilungelelanise iimpawu ezibi phenotypic ngabanye hybrid, kwakunye nokukhusela iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo umntu yezityalo eziveliswa esiXhoseni. Generalizing iziphumo lweenkomo yezityalo eziliqela, kwafika nabaphandi ukuya ukuqondwa kwemithetho ezithile ezihamba ukusetyenziswa logonyo xa befundisa. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Nemiqathango yokufumana nzalo kwezityalo

Ukusebenzisa indlela umcebisi e ukufuya isilwanyana, kuyimfuneko ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo le migaqo ilandelayo:

• izityalo, nto leyo uthathe yimpontshane okanye adubule (nanyana nanzalo) kufuneka ngokukha entsha, akukho ngaphezu kweminyaka 1-2, yaye mentor iminyaka emininzi ukusetyenziswa inzala emthini;
• kufuphi kwezityalo inoculum ukubaleka ngokuyimfuneko igcinwe inani elikhulu amasebe isiphunzi, ukunika impembelelo kwizityalo iimpawu educability phenotypic.

Ngenxa iimeko ngentla abalimi ayikwazi ukwenza kwiziqhamo kunye berry izityalo ngokwezoqoqosho iipropati ezixabisekileyo. Njengoko enye yeendlela kakhulu zithandwa kokuhlambeleyo lokuba zikhe ezintsha zezilimo, le ndlela, ngelishwa, nangoku ayikaqondwa yi biochemists mihla kunye cytology.

ijwabu Engineering

Ngomhla imbambano izilwanyana ezizalayo ezisetyenziswa indlela umcebisi okanye hayi, impendulo akukho. Umdla kule nkalo luphononongo kwi clone ezinxulumene biotechnology, ngamanye lo Yindibanisela matrix (enye okanye ngaphezulu iiseli somatic), ikopi epheleleyo ephilayo. Kulo mzekelo, umzekeliso andise kwezityalo lwesityalo izinto ifomu, njengoko isilwanyana asuka clone iqulathe iiseli kweejini eyohlobo olulodwa. Amalinge endle yethishyu nobunjineli yemfuza ikhutshwa phandle lokukhula kwabo a medium kwezondlo. Zofuzo umphakathi egcinwe ulwazi lonke ilifa ephilayo, oko kuthetha ukuba ungafumana nje kwiseli enye ngokungenammiselo inani elikhulu labantu - iikopi.

ubuchule zikhwelwe isilwanyana uphawu

I. V. Michurin liphuhlise indlela ngumcebisi kuphela ukusetyenziswa ukuhlola kunye eziphilayo zezityalo, ukuba ngakumbi ethile, iziqhamo kunye berry a izityalo. Njengokuba besesitshilo ngaphambili, uphando isilwanyana ezichaphazela yayo. Okokuqala kwaye kwephambili kukungabikho zityalwe kwezityalo kwindawo ekuyo eziphezulu.

Simele sikhumbule ukuba imizimba yazo luphawulwa iqondo eliphezulu yokuxubana onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo, ngoko kukho utshintsho emzimbeni ethile mnye phawu phantsi kweempembelelo-ngcebiso kuya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ukuphazamiseka kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinxulumene anatomically kwaye physiologically. Ukuziqhelisa, ukuphunyezwa kuya kuba kuhle ukuba ukusebenza kunye nezilwanyana ezilandelayo iindlela, ezizezi: yokuzalisana (yokuzalisana) kunye hybridization elikude. Imvelaphi esisetyenziswayo ukwenza iilayini ecocekileyo ngakumbi ukufumana ifuthe heterosis kwaye eyesibini isetyenziswa nawo a iintlobo zezilwanyana entsha.