Ubume khemikhali kwezinto

Kuba izazinzulu ixesha elide baye bazama ukuba azise ingcamango esihlangeneyo echaza isakhiwo molekyuli, iimpawu zazo zichazwe ngokunxulumene nezinye izinto. Ukuze wenze oku kufuneka achaze uhlobo kunye nolwakhiwo-atom, ukuqalisa "Valence le" ingqiqo "mninzi electron" kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Imvelaphi ngemfundiso

Khemikhali Isakhiwo izinto zokuqala unomdla Italian Amadeus Avogadro. Waqalisa ukufunda ubunzima beemolekyuli weegesi ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye ngenxa yoko bakuqwalaseleyo wabeka phambili Cingela kwisakhiwo sabo. Kodwa hayi wokuqala ingxelo kuyo yaba, waza walinda de noogxa bakhe nemiphumo efanayo. Emva koko, le indlela ukuze afumane ubunzima beemolekyuli zegesi yaziwa ngokuba umthetho Avogadro kaThixo.

Le mfundiso intsha ezenze ezinye izazinzulu ukufunda. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Lomonosov, wayeseDalton, Lavoisier, Proust, Mendeleyev kunye Butlerov.

mbono Butlerova

Ibinzana elithi "ingcamango isakhiwo yamachiza" wabonakala kuqala kwi ingxelo isakhiwo izinto, nto leyo 1861 imelwe Germany Butlerov. Uye wangena zingatshintshi kwiimpapasho ezilandelayo kwaye kugxile encwadini yeembali imbali nenzululwazi. Yaba intwasahlobo a iingcamango ezintsha ezimbalwa. Xa iphepha yakhe, ISAZINZULU lowu umbono wakhe kubume imichiza kwezinto. Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso zakhe;

- atom e iimolekyuli enxulumene omnye komnye ngokusekelwe kwinani elektroni e orbitals zabo zangaphezulu;
- ukutshintsha izinto ngokulandelelana wombane-athom ibangela utshintsho iimpawu molecule kunye ukubonakala into entsha;
- iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni iimpawu zemathiriyeli azixhomekekanga kuphela oko athom ziyinxalenye, kodwa kwakhona umyalelo uqhagamshelwano lwabo omnye komnye, yaye ukuphazamiseka nokuhloniphana;
- ukwenzela ukuba amisele ukwakhiwa eziphilayo atomic umbandela, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube udederhu zinguquko ezilandelelanayo.

Isakhiwo zejometri neemolekyuli

Ubume chemical athom kunye iimolekyuli igqitywe kweminyaka emithathu kamva yi Butlerov. It sazisa zesayensi le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa isomerism, postulating ukuba, ukuba lo kuqamba qualitative kodwa isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, into kuya kwahluka enye kwenye kwi eziliqela indicators.

kweminyaka elishumi kamva, kukho imfundiso isakhiwo-ntathu of iimolekyuli. Yonke lento iqala kokupapashwa van't Hoff imfundiso yakhe valences kwenkqubo koqeqesho lwe carbon atom. izazinzulu Modern ingqalelo iindlela ezimbini stereochemistry: zesakhiwo lwesithuba.

Ngenxa yoko, inxalenye noshowo ahlulwe aba isomers skeleton kunye nemimiselo. Oku kubalulekile xa isifundo kwezinto eziphilayo xa ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni phantsi kuphela yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon atom ndawonye kunye neguquguqukayo imichiza kunye nolandelelwano yabo molecule.

isomerism Spatial iyafuneka kwezo meko, apho zicwangciswe le atom ngendlela efanayo xa kukho unxibelelwano, kodwa imihla molecule ezahlukeneyo. isomers akhethekileyo awodwa okubonakalayo (xa stereoisomers nekubonakala omnye), diastereoisomers, isomers zejiyometri, kunye nabanye.

Atom ku molecule

Classical Isakhiwo chemical kwemolekyuli kuthetha ukuba iqulethe i-atom. Ngombandela, kucacile ukuba atom kwi molecule zisenokwahluka kwaye anokwahluka kunye neempawu zayo. Kuxhomekeka ekubeni yintoni ezinye athom eziyijikelezileyo, umgama phakathi kwabo kunye amakhonkco ezibonelela iimolekyuli amandla.

abaphengululi Modern, enqwenela cincile kwezinto ngokubanzi kunye nethiyori quantum, ithathwa njengokuba esasimi yi kukuba ngexesha ukuyilwa kwento atom molecule ushiya kuphela undoqo, kunye elektroni, yaye uyayeka ukuba khona. Kakade ke, kule ekucaciseni zange kuba kwaoko. iinzame eziliqela kwenziwa ukugcina atom njengeyunithi kwemolekyuli, kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuhlangabezana iingqondo ulukhuni.

Isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali iiseli

Le mbono "elithi" ithetha ezitshatileyo zonke izinto eziza kubandakanywa ukusekwa kunye iseli umsebenzi. Olu luhlu luquka i phantse zonke iziqalelo lwezakhi:

- asibhozo anesithandathu izinto zisoloko ekhona;
- imashumi mabini anamihlanu kubo deterministic ukuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo;
- malunga namashumi amabini kuyimfuneko.

abaphumeleleyo ezintlanu ivula umxholo ioksijini kwiseli uza asixhenxe anesihlanu ekhulwini kwiseli nganye. Oku akhiwa yokubola amanzi kuyimfuneko ukuze iseli nokuphefumla kwaye inika amandla abasabela nezinye iindibano imichiza. Elandelayo ebaluleke - carbon. Yeyona sisiseko zonke izinto eziphilayo kwakunye zeendawana yefotosinthesisi. Bronze ifumana hydrogen - zizeyeyona nto bandile iphela. Kananjalo yinxalenye egungxula ulungelelwaniso kunye carbon. Amanzi isixa ebalulekileyo. indawo oHloniphekileyo yesine kuhlala nitrogen eziyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe acid kanye, ngenxa yoko, iiprotheni, iienzymes kunye iivithamini.

Ubume eekhemikhali iiseli iziqalelo kancane ezifana calcium, phosphorus, potassium, isalfure, chlorine, isodiyam, nezinki. Bobabini akhawunti malunga elinye ekhulwini kwimali iyonke iyeza kwiseli. Mali kwakhona ukulandelela izinto kunye ultramicroelements eziqulathwe eziphilayo ngezixa umkhondo.