Bond sisinyithi: indlela ukwakhiwa. Metal Chemical Communication:

Zonke imichiza eyaziwa ngoku lwezakhi yahlulwe ngokuqgibeleleyo ibe ngamaqela amabini: isinyithi kunye non-zesinyithi. Ukuze angabi izinto kuphela izakhi, tyhefu zisenokuxabana nezinye, kufuneka khona ngokohlobo iikhompawundi alula nanzima.

Le nto ezinye electron bazama ukuba amkele, kunye nezinye - ukunika. Agcwalise ngalinye enye ukwenzela ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye iimolekyuli imichiza. Kodwa yintoni ivumela ukuba kubanjwa kunye? Kutheni kukho yinto yamandla enjalo, ukuba ndilutshabalalise kuko nkqu izixhobo kakhulu kakhulu? Kunye nabanye, icala, iginya nempembelelo encinane. Konke oku kungenxa ukuyilwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iibhondi imichiza phakathi atom e iimolekyuli ezenza isakhiwo akhazimlayo emkhusaneni ethile.

Iintlobo iibhondi ikhemikhali iikhompawundi

Total unako ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezine eziphambili iibhondi imichiza.

1. Covalent nonpolar. Senziwe phakathi nonmetals ezimbini twatse ngenxa ukwabelana elektroni, ukwakha ngababini electron eqhelekileyo. Kwezemfundo, oko akuzi amasuntswana Valence unpaired. Imizekelo: halogens, ioksijini, hydrogen, initrogen, isalfure, phosphorus.
2. covalent Polar. Senziwe phakathi ezahlukeneyo ezingezo-iintsimbi ezimbini okanye phakathi buthathaka kakhulu kwi iimpawu intsimbi kunye nonmetal elibuthathaka electronegativity. ngababini electron bha jikelele kunye nibaphanga kuye kwi-atom, ogama noFaro ngaphezu electron. Imizekelo: NH _{3, SIC,} P _{2 O-5} kunye nezinye.
3. Hydrogen bond. Eyona ingazinzi yaye ubuthathaka, siya kwenziwa phakathi atom electronegative kakhulu molecule elinye kunye nezinye ezintle. Oku kwenzeka kakhulu rhoqo xa unyityilikiswa izinto emanzini (utywala, ammonia, njalo njalo). Ngenxa uqhagamshelwano olunjalo lunokubakho iiproteni macromolecule, ii-asidi acid, carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo, njalo njalo.
4. bond Ionic. Senziwe ngenxa imikhosi enomtsalane raznozaryazhennyh ion zesinyithi electrostatic and non-zesinyithi. Okuya uba mkhulu umahluko kule isalathiso, i ucaca ngakumbi uhlobo ionic intsebenziswano. Imizekelo iikhompawundi: netyuwa yokubini, ezimbaxa nezintsonkothileyo - kwealkali.
5. bond sisinyithi, apho indlela ukubunjwa neempawu eziya kuxutyushwa ngakumbi. Abunjwe nesinyithi, aluminium zabo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho ikho into ubunye iqhina kwemichiza. It nje uthi akunakwenzeka ukuba siqwalasele benchmark bond nganye. Bonke nje uphawu unit. Ngapha koko, isiseko zonke iintengiselwano isimiso single - elektronnostaticheskoe intsebenziswano. Ngoko ke, ionic, ebuntsimbi, covalent nisondelelane yehayidrojini babe ikhemikali indalo abangatshatanga amatyala asemdeni omnye komnye kuphela.

Isinyithi kunye neempawu zomzimba

Metals zifumaneka uninzi zonke imichiza. Oku kungenxa iipropati zabo ezizodwa. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo leyo yayifunyenwe ngumntu kusabela senyukliya elebhu, ukuba radioactive omfutshane isiqingatha ubomi.

Nangona kunjalo, uninzi - kukho izinto zendalo ukuba ukwakha sonke emaweni kunye sisimbiwa, ziyinxalenye zinto zibalulekileyo. Kungenxa aba bantu baye bafunda ukuba baphose aluminium kwaye nivelisa iimveliso ezigqwesileyo kwaye ebalulekileyo. Oku ezifana nobhedu, nesinyiti, i-aluminiyamu, isilivere, negolide, ikhrom, manganese, nickel, izinc, ukukhokela kunye nabanye.

Ngokuba zonke iintsimbi bakwazi ukuchonga iipropati eziqhelekileyo emzimbeni ecacisa umzobo sisinyithi bond Ukwakheka. Ziziphi ezi mpawu?

1. Malleability kunye ductility. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iintsimbi ezininzi enokusongwa phantsi ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba ngefoyile (zegolide, aluminiyamu). Of abanye bafumana ucingo, metal sheets bhetyebhetye, amanqaku ekwaziyo gqitha yi ifuthe elibonakalayo, kodwa ke kwakhona ukusuka uphelele. Ezi ziimpawu lwesinyithi kwaye kuthiwa malleability kunye ductility. Isizathu soku phawu - uhlobo link yesinyithi. Le ion kunye electron kwi yikristale slide kuthelekiswa omnye komnye ngaphandle ligqobha indlu, nto leyo evumela ukulondoloza ingqibelelo isakhiwo yonke.
2. ayenechaphothi sisinyithi. Oku kuchaza iqhina sisinyithi, indlela yokwakhiwa kwe lweempawu zayo neempawu. Ngoko ke, asingabo bonke amasuntswana bayakwazi ukufunxa okanye ukubonakalisa amaza okukhanya anobude obulinganayo. Athom izinyithi kakhulu kwaye zibonisa elifutshane ngumtshangatshangiso reyi baba uniform kakhulu umbala ubuhle, omhlophe, lisuke labuna umbala oluhlaza. Ngaphandle ezi ubhedu negolide, nombala wazo kumhlophe-yellow nebomvu, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Bona bayakwazi ukubonakalisa imitha elide-kwamaza.
3. conductivity emhlabeni kunye zombane. Le propati ungachaza isakhiwo yikristale emkhusaneni yaye ngaloo lasungulwa ifezekiswe uhlobo sisinyithi izitropu. Ngenxa "igesi electron" ihamba ngaphakathi yikristale, umbane kunye nobushushu ngokukhawuleza ngokulinganayo wababela bonke athom kunye ion kwaye kuqhutywa ngalo sentsimbi.
4. Urhulumente eqinileyo aggregate phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Apha, ngaphandle kuphela mercury. Zonke ezinye iintsimbi - kukuthi, uxhulumaniso okuqinileyo ngokuyimfuneko womelele, kwakunye aluminium zabo. Kubalulekile kananjalo ngenxa yokuba phambi bond metal metal. Le indlela ukuyilwa kolu hlobo yamasuntswana iipropati iyabophelela kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Oku iimpawu zomzimba esisisiseko zesinyithi, ecacisa yaye imisela ngqo umzobo ebuntsimbi bond Ukwakheka. iikhompawundi afanelekileyo indlela enjalo ukuba athom ezibengezelayo lweziqalelo, aluminium zabo. Oko ke leyo eqinileyo kunye nemeko engamanzi.

uhlobo sisinyithi ye bond chemical

Yintoni phawu wayo? Eyona nto kukuba nolwalamano olunjalo ezikhandelwa hayi ion raznozaryazhennyh nezinomtsalane electrostatic kwaye ngenxa umahluko electronegativity kunye nokufumaneka ngezibini electron free. Okt ionic, ebuntsimbi, covalent bond kuba indalo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezikhethekileyo amasuntswana olunxibelelanisa.

Zonke insimbi kukhona iimpawu ezingundoqo ezifana:

• imali encinci elektroni kwinqanaba lamandla engaphandle (ngaphandle ezinye ngaphandle, kuba apho kusenokubakho 6.7 no-8);
• radius atomic enkulu;
• amandla ionization.

Konke oku kwenza kuqhawulo lula elektroni unpaired kwi umbilini ongaphandle. Kulo mzekelo, i orbitals sesisa atom kuhlala kakhulu. Scheme we nisondelelane sisinyithi nje iya kubonisa iiseli ezininzi idlulela-athom ezahlukeneyo Orbital phakathi kwabo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba intracrystalline kwaye enze kwindawo eqhelekileyo. Inceda elektroni ukusuka atom ngamnye eqala ngokukhululekileyo ndihle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emkhusaneni. Ngamaxesha athile, ngasinye iqhotyoshelwe i ion kwiyunithi crystal kwaye iyiguqule ukuba i-atom, ngoko yaxobuka kwakhona, ukwakha ion.

Ngaloo ndlela, ulwalamano sisinyithi - oluyintambo phakathi athom, ion kunye electron simahla kwi iyonke yikristale metal. Ilifu electron, ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi isakhiwo, obizwa ngokuba "negesi electron". Wachazelwa kubo, inkoliso lepropati eziphathekayo zesinyithi kunye aluminium zabo.

Indlela ngqo iyasebenza ikhemikali iqhina ebuntsimbi? Imizekelo zahlukile. Makhe sihlolisise isiziba Lithium. Nokuba uyithatha ubungakanani-ertyisi, kukho amawaka-athom. Ngoko ke sithi ngalinye kula amawaka-athom inika electron Valence kwindawo enye crystalline eqhelekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, esazi isakhiwo yekhompyutha element, ungabona inani orbitals ezingenabantu. Xa lithium wabo 3 (inqanaba amandla yesibini p-Orbital). Ezintathu atom ngalinye amashumi amawaka - oku indawo eqhelekileyo phakathi yikristale apho i "igesi ngekhompyutha" enambuzelayo ngokukhululekileyo,.

Iziyobisi njalo strong zalo bond. Ngapha koko, irhasi electron awuvumeli yikristale ukuze bawe, kodwa ngokutshintsha kuphela oomaleko kwaye ngoko ifumana kwakhona. It glitters ube ingxinano ethile (idla omkhulu), fusibility, malleability kunye ductility.

Kukuphi ndaqonda bond sisinyithi? Imizekelo kwezinto:

• isinyithi njengokuba izakhiwo ezilula;
• zonke aluminiyamu yentsimbi omnye komnye;
• ngesinyithi aluminium zabo isekwimo ngamanzi okanye ijiye.

Imizekelo ethile nje isixa eningenakukholwa yiyo, ngokuba intsimbi kwi lwezakhi, ngaphezulu kwama-80!

bond sisinyithi: indlela ukwakhiwa

Xa siqwalasela oko ngokoMthetho ngokubanzi, iingongoma eziphambili esele siyichazile ngasentla. Ukufumaneka of orbitals atomic kunye electron ngokulula nabanye ngumongo ngenxa amandla ionization ephantsi - kukho iimeko eziphambili ukuze kwakhiwe olu hlobo lonxibelelwano. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba kuphunyezwa phakathi kweengqakumbana zilandelayo:

• atom kwi njengekristale ngekroba;
• elektroni free, aba ke Valence le yesinyithi;
• ion kwi ngembonakalo yikristale ngekroba.

Isiphumo - ibhondi sisinyithi. Indlela wesiseko ngokubanzi oluvakaliswe entry ilandelayo: Me ^{0 -} e - ↔ Me ^{n +.} Ukususela mzobo kubonakala, naziphi amasuntswana etyhidiweyo akhoyo kule njengekristale.

Ziikristale ngokwabo ukuze iimilo ezahlukeneyo. Kuxhomekeke material ngayo sisebenzisana.

Iintlobo ziikristale metal

Esi sakhiwo i intsimbi okanye intsila waso elibizwa ashinyeneyo kakhulu ngamasuntswana. Inika ion kwi sites njengekristale. Bebodwa, Ilibele unokuba iimilo ezahlukeneyo zejiyometri emajukujukwini.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya emkhusaneni cc - iintsimbi kwealkali.
2. isakhiwo ezinamacala compact - yonke obrak, ngaphandle barium.
3. Granetsentricheskaya cubic - aluminiyam, ikopolo, zinc, abaninzi iintsimbi sethutyana.
4. isakhiwo Rhombohedral - eli phephandaba.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

I enzima kunye zinokuwehlisa ise kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kuba nzima ezingxobeni lwamabala ngembonakalo yikristale. Xa oku gqithisela sentsimbi, imizekelo apho kungancitshiswa ngokuba metal nganye ekhoyo na isigqibo ekwakhiweni yikristale. Aluminiyamu babe nombutho angafaniyo kakhulu isithuba, abanye babo nangoku abaziqondanga ngokupheleleyo.

iinkcukacha zonxibelelwano: nondirectionality

Covalent kunye metal iqhina inomsebenzisi esasenza kukubi kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo yokuqala, iqhina sisinyithi akukho ngqo. Kuthetha ukuthini? Oko kukuthi, ilifu electron ngaphakathi yikristale ihambisa kakhulu ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwayo kumacala ahlukeneyo, nganye electron akwazi ukujoyina ngenene naliphi ion kwi isakhiwo ezalathelwe uphuhliso. Oko kukuthi, unxibelelwano oluqhutywa kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, bathi ukuba ebuntsimbi bond - non-owenza.

Indlela of covalent iqhina kubandakanya ukuyilwa ngezibini electron ekwabelwana, okt ngamafu athom ayangenana. Yaye kwenzeka ngokungqongqo kumgca ethile yokungena kumaziko abo. Ngoko ke, sithetha ulwalathiso kufumaneke olo hlobo loqhagamshelwano.

saturability

Olu phawu lubonisa ukukwazi kwe-athom ukuba intsebenziswano limited okanye mda nabanye. Umzekelo, covalent nasentanjeni metal kwesi salathisi kwakhona bahlukene.

I yokuqala izele. Athom ababandakanyeka nokubunjwa yalo kukho inani eliqingqiweyo elektroni Valence lwangaphandle abachaphazeleka ngqo kulo lokusekwa ezimbaxa. Ngaphezu kokutya, oko akuyi kuba electron. Ngoko ke, inani neentambo kwakhiwa Valence elilinganiselweyo. Ngoko saturation ngenxa. Ngenxa kule uphawu uninzi khompawundi iye ikhemikali kuqamba rhoqo.

Metal yehayidrojini imixokelelwane, kwelinye icala, non-yokunyakamisa. Oku kungenxa elektroni ezininzi simahla kunye orbitals ngaphakathi njengekristale. Indima edlalwe yi-ion kwi sites emkhusaneni ngumkhenkce, iyileyo ibe i-atom kunye ion kwakhona ngalo naliphi na ixesha.

Olunye uphawu iqhina sisinyithi - delocalization lwangaphakathi electron efini. Le wabonakaliswa ukukwazi imali encinane elektroni ekwabelwana ukunxibelelanisa nobuninzi zesinyithi of nuclei atomic. Oko kukuthi, lexinene delocalized njengoko ezisasazwa ngokulinganayo phakathi zonke iiyunithi ngembonakalo yikristale.

Imizekelo zokubumba ngokuzikhanyeza in iintsimbi

Cinga nje embodiments embalwa ethile, nto leyo ebonisa, njengoko kwasekwa bond ebuntsimbi. Imizekelo Le izinto ezilandelayo:

• zinc;
• aluminium;
• potassium;
• chrome.

Metal bond ukwakhiwa phakathi athom zinc: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. zinc ingaphezulu inamanqanaba amane amandla. orbitals Free isekelwe kubume ngekhompyutha, iye 15 - 3 orbitals p, 4 d 5 no-7 phezu 4f. isakhiwo Electronic ziquka: 1 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 4 ² 3d ¹⁰ 4D 4p ^{0 0 0} 4f, 30 kuphela electron atom. Oko kukuthi, Valence ivideo amasuntswana amabini athabathayo bayakwazi ukuhamba phakathi 15 orbitals eliphangaleleyo kunye mntu kuyo. Kwaye ngoko ingaphezulu nganye. Isiphumo - indawo enkulu lulonke eziquka orbitals engenanto, kwaye umthamo omncinane elektroni onxulumanisa liphela isakhiwo kunye.

Zalo bond phakathi athom aluminiyam: AL ^{0 -} e - ↔ AL ^3+. Ezilishumi elinesithathu atom elektroni aluminiyam abakwiindawo kumanqanaba amathathu amandla, ukuba zinqongopheleyo ngokucacileyo into eninzi. isakhiwo Electronic: 1 2 ^{2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ^{1 2 0} 3d. orbitals Free - iziqwenga 7. Ngokucacileyo, ilifu electron iya kuba amancinane xa kuthelekiswa ne isithuba lilonke yangaphakathi simahla njengekristale.

Zalo bond chromium. Le nto ethile yesakhiwo elektroniki. Ngapha koko, ekuzinziseni inkqubo ukusilela kwenzeka kunye 4 electron ukuba 3d Orbital: 1 2 ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3 4 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4f. 24 Kuphela electron Valence kuzo ezintandathu. Baya kwisithuba eqhelekileyo ngekhompyutha kwi ukuyilwa ibhondi wemichiza. Free orbitals 15, oko kukuthi manyundululu kakhulu ngaphezu koko kufunwa ukugcwalisa. Ngoko ke, chromium - njengomzekelo wendlela a yentsimbi ngokuzikhanyeza olungqamelanayo kwi molecule.

Enye insimbi kakhulu esebenzayo kusabela nokuba ngamanzi zesiqhelo emlilweni, kuba potassium. Yintoni ebangela ukuba izakhiwo ezinjalo? Kwakhona, ngeendlela ezininzi - uhlobo sisinyithi ye bond. Electron kwi element 19 kuphela, kodwa bona ibekwe kangangoko namanqanaba amandla 4. Leyo 30 ezahlukeneyo orbitals sublevels. isakhiwo Electronic: 1 2 ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3 4 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4f. Kuphela ezimbini elektroni Valence amandla ionization ephantsi kakhulu. Ukhululekile ukuba beze off uhambe uye isithuba eqhelekileyo elektroniki. Orbitals ukususa amaqhosha atom-22, ngamanye indawo ebanzi kakhulu kwi "igesi electron".

Iimfano neeyantlukwano kunye nezinye iintlobo neentambo

Ngokubanzi, umba sele kuxoxwe ngasentla. Umntu iimeko kwaye bafikelele kwisigqibo. Kokuhle ephambili kuzo zonke ezinye iintlobo lweempawu unxibelelwano metal crystals zezi:

• iindidi ezininzi amasuntswana abathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ziyabophelela (athom, ion okanye athom, ion, electron);
• isakhiwo lwezibalo ezahlukeneyo lwendawo ziikristale.

Nge hydrogen kunye nentsimbi ionic idibanisa satiation kunye ndenzile. Nge covalent polar - Umtsalane electrostatic phakathi kwamasuntswana olomeleleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ion - uhlobo amasuntswana kwi amanqaku crystalline emkhusaneni (ion). Nge covalent nonpolar - atom kwi sites njengekristale.

Iintlobo izibopho zesinyithi karhulumente ezahlukeneyo aggregate

Njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, ebuntsimbi gqithisela, imizekelo apho zinikwe kweli nqaku, senziwa United ezimbini udibaniso lwesinyithi kunye aluminium zabo: eqinileyo kunye ulwelo.

Umbuzo: yintoni uhlobo lonxibelelwano ukuya umphunga lenkcenkce? A: Covalent ezibandayo kunye nonpolar. Njengazo zonke khompawundi umnikelo wokudla igesi. Loo nto eqwengiweyo kwaye ubume crystal lugciniwe ngexesha zokufudumeza elide intsimbi kunye idlulisele ukusuka okuqinileyo ukuya unxibelelwano engamanzi. Noko ke, xa kufikwa ukudlulisela ulwelo ku kunyuka karhulumente, ngembonakalo yikristale ibhuqiwe kwaye ebuntsimbi iqhina is kuguquka covalent.