Nucleotides ulwazi

I-DNA kunye zofuzo cwaka

Ihlabathi eziphilayo lonke kwenziwe ngeeseli. Izilwanyana, intlanzi, iintaka, izityalo, nomngundo, iintsholongwane, bonke abantu ngokwabo iqanjwa iiseli. Ngaphandle iseli akukho ubomi. Iiseli zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyafana, zonke iiseli zande ngokwahlula kubume, imichiza ukwakheka, ukutya. Esi sakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, phantse kwisakhiwo lonke, apho 1 yesibini amashumi amawaka neempendulo. Ngelishwa, asinakukwazi ukulawula iimfihlo iiseli zethu ngabanye. Apha banawo sifo, apho siya ekuqaleni nje ukuba koyiswe. Le ndoda ebomini bakho sikhokelwe sizathu, yaye iiseli ukusuka apho ukuphila imithetho yabo, leyo ayisoloko idibana kunye neminqweno yethu. Kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwixa elizayo siya kukwazi ukufumana ulwimi kunye nabo bevumelana into ebalulekileyo kuthi kubo.

Xa iziko iiseli ezingundoqo ilahlwe ngaphakathi apho ejijekileyo ibe kweleli kabini Watson-Crick elikhethekileyo kubume umsebenzi kwemolekyuli DNA. Zonke kwemolekyuli DNA ithi yahlulwe ngokwamacandelo ezincinane ekuthiwa yemfuza. Le yunithi ezingundoqo iimpawu heritable ezibonakalisa yethu inkangeleko, isini, amandla okuqonda, kweminyaka yokuphila, phezu koko, zisinika iindidi ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga zemfuza uzimisele, kuquka Oncology umlinganiswa.

iimolekyuli DNA kuthinteleke ukubola okudalwa kwi kwiproteni imvulophu kunye nefom conglomerates ebizwa zofuzo. Xa iiseli somatic na umntu, oko kukuthi, kwiiseli emzimbeni wakhe, i diploid, okanye iseti kabini zofuzo. Bona zentlanganiso ngamaceba-46, okanye 23 ngababini. isibini ngasinye iqulethe iseti efanayo ngokupheleleyo iinkcukacha. Xa iseli iyahlula ngababini zofuzo nizahlule, kunye iseli ngamnye ufumana iseti epheleleyo yolwazi. Kamva inani diploid zofuzo luyagcinwa kwakhona. Iiseli Intsholongwane yabantu eziqulathe 23 zofuzo, kodwa ekukhulelweni, xa isidoda neqanda fuse, isethi kabini zofuzo luyagcinwa kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko kukho umxube data bayindoda nenkazana, ibangela umbungu ifumana Imiqondiso oomama nootata.

Wokuhlangana zonke zofuzo equlethwe iseti zofuzo leeseli lwegciwane, ngokuthi ufuzo zabantu. I epheleleyo zofuzo zesintu iqulathe malunga nama-80 amawaka yemfuza. Kwemolekyuli DNA ngulomntu ukhokhelayo, mhlawumbi hayi kunzima njengoko yokuqala. It imelwe imisonto ezimbini ubude. Ezi zixhobo yenziwa nucleotides. Nucleotides - a ikhemikhali eliquka kwezinto ezintathu: isiseko nitrogen, deoxyribose ekudleni kunye phosphoric acid. Ngaphandle kokuba zibe iinkcukacha, singatsho ukuba DNA ye-organic ihlabathi lonke wabumba iintlobo ezine kuphela nucleotides. Yinto oonobumba abane, abalinganiswa ezine-alfabhethi wobomi: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) kunye cytosine (C). Bona uqhagamshele enye kwenye kwikhonkco Polymer amakhulu amawaka neenanometer, kweemitha ngaphezu kwama-3 ubude. Le ubude vulu ukusingatha. Nucleotides ngaphezulu kwe-3 billion ngolandelelwano ukuba, yaye zonke iinkcukacha yemfuza ekwi khowudi. Ezi nkalo zimbini amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngeentambo hydrogen kwaye isongelwe spirally malunga omnye komnye ukuze zenze isakhiwo ngci apho iimfihlelo ezininzi kangaka igcinwe. Iinzululwazi nayo le ngxaki ukuze ukuyityhila le mfihlelo lokucazulula ufuzo kubantu, oko kukuthi, ukuchonga bonke genes and ukuqingqa ixabiso labo. Lo msebenzi wawubonakala ayisoze belibukhali, ukuqaliswa kweprojekthi "Our Human 'kwaqala ngo-1990.

Xa indlela yomsebenzi esisiseko sele ziqala ukuba genomes lweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ngaphezulu kwama-800, kuquka agents causative ukuba iintsholongwane ezininzi eziyingozi: isifo sephepha, yesifo, izilonda esiswini, kunye nabanye. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Pharmacology. iqela lonke kwamachiza amatsha ukuze kuliwe izifo ezinxulumene ilifa amachiza sele ziphuhlisiwe nxamnye agents causative na kwezi zifo zidalwe. La machiza iyasebenza ngaphezu ikhona ngaphambili, ekubeni babe selectivity yezenzo nomntu ukuze gene neprotheyini iithagethi. Enamandla nomfutho HIV olufunyenwe entsimini yamayeza lwalusanda sifo sisifo yemfuza, unyango, kwezakhi zofuzo esizibone iziganeko ezizodwa, nelona galelo yazo mhlawumbi ezinezakhi. Ngezakhi kukubumba, nande ezifunyaniswe okhanyayo indalo, kwaye kwixesha elizayo womntu.

amathuba Incredible avulwa abalimi. Yenziwe kwi ngenxa yemfuza , izityalo transgenic bavumelekile ukuba kakhulu ukwandisa imveliso kwezityalo, ngokupheleleyo kuphelisa ukulahlekelwa ukhula nezinambuzane, kunye nezilwanyana transgenic wokubetha lethu kunye nemveliso yayo, ukumelana nezifo, ukuchuma.

Zolwaphulo kwakhona kwi kwezobugcisa kwawo eliqinisekisa kuthembeke kwimibandela ekuchongweni ibe ncinci kakhulu umbandela: .. Idrophu amathe, amasuntswana ngoboya, inkwethu, njl Amawaka abantu abamsulwa ehlabathini ziye sigwetyelwe, kodwa bobubi zokwenyani aye sinetyala ngenxa analysis sofuzo. Kwakukho yindlela ethembekileyo ukumisela makavume, lokuya kubeleka nobudlelwane ukujongana nemiba yelifa impahla, evela kwi inkqubo yomthetho.

Bafumana iziphumo engalindelekanga kwaye ezizodwa efuna ingcaciso kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iziphumo ngokuthelekisa zofuzo zesintu kunye genome ngokupheleleko wethu osenyongweni, imfene wabonisa yesazisi phantse ngokupheleleyo amawaka parameters. Ngokoqobo mikhulu kancinci umahluko phakathi kwabantu abavela kumaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo kuphela. Le ndoda yajika ukuba sikufutshane kakhulu kwizilwanyana kunokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ngqondweni. Loo iqondo eliphezulu ubudlelwane ufumana abaphandi uxakwe kwaye ifuna ukuba iindlela ezintsha kunye nezisombululo. Kusenokubakho ezinye uhlengahlengiso olwenziweyo imfundiso yokuzivelela kwezinto eziphilayo.

Yemfuza, kubandakanywa intloko projekthi "Human Our> F. Collins, ngokukhuthazwa impumelelo, eyila uqikelelo eziliqela wamazwi kwixesha elizayo. Ukususela ngo-2020 imarike kufuneka ubone unyango ngenxa seswekile, lwegazi, umhlaza kunye nesifo sengqondo ephuhliswe kwemizila yemfuza, nto leyo evumela kanye ukusebenza iiseli ezonakeleyo. Gene therapy kwiiseli intsholongwane-line ukunqanda izifo njengelifa. Ngo 2040, iya kuba kunokwenzeka kwi emqulwini ufuzo yabantu, kwaye bachitha kwiikhathalogu zofuzo inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukwaluphala. Oku kuya kwandisa umlinganiselo bokuphila komntu ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-120, yaye kwixesha elizayo ukumnika ukungafi enqwenelekayo kakhulu. Ekugqibeleni, abantu baza kukwazi ukulawula zazivelela yabo. Ezi Intelekelelo zonke zibonakala kwamnandi, kodwa kuya kuthatha iminyaka, mhlawumbi ehle kakhulu, ngaphezu kwabo apho abaphandi bathi, konke oko kuba ngokoqobo, yaye siya kuba abanye.

Noko ke, nanamhlanje kwemolekyuli iDNA ibamba iimfihlelo ezininzi ngakumbi yaye iimfihlelo. computer of genome isilwanyana ukuba sibone umlinganiselo amacandelo iimolekyuli DNA ukuba enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Apha, zofuzo baye bafumana iinyaniso ezikhwankqisayo. Kwenzeka ukuba iintlobo ezininzi, kuphela inxalenye encinane ngolandelelwano iyonke zofuzo buqonda iiprothini. Ekubeni umntu kuphela malunga ne-2% zofuzo encode iproteni 48% zofuzo abandakanyeka kuphela lokuqala ukhowudo kamva Yindibanisela iiprothini emsebenzini kwaye ngaphezu kwama-50% zofuzo ubunjwe non-ukhowudo, ulandelelwano DNA phinda equka, koko, enkulu inani iingceba iintsholongwane oyidingayo. Xa kuthelekiswa la data kunye genomes izilwanyana umi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo leri yendaleko, abaphandi ezijongene kwenye into edidayo. Ndafumanisa ukuba izilwanyana kwisigaba esezantsi nasekusungulweni isabelo DNA non-ikhowudi lincinane kakhulu. Ngokomthetho ipesenti, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ngoko iintsholongwane, phantse yonke iDNA esebenza, akukho 90% kunye% 10 kuphela ngathi engenamsebenzi. Xa igwele, 68% ye-DNA esephepheni, 32% of non-iikhowudi. Nematodes le ratio yi-24% ne-76% ngokulandelelana. Le ephilayo uba entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kwaye umyinge kwimimandla ikhowudi ye DNA unciphisa, lo gama isabelo ulwazi ezididayo kuthi kwandisa. Apha, njengoko kubonakala xa uqala kuqala, umntu angalindela isiphumo esahlukileyo. F.Krik, njenge "extra" ukwakhiwa DNA "inkunkuma", chavelela iindleko kunye nentlawulo ukuze eseleyo inxalenye nemfezeko. igunya okunjalo ye zezenzululwazi iminyaka emininzi, ndayihluthwa isidima hola inxalenye enkulu molecule ekhethekileyo. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iqela izazinzulu musa ntweni igunya, siye sagqiba bangcwabe ingcamango "DNA eyinkunkuma" ikufutshane nesisombululo DNA mfihlelo ezingezo-ikhowudi kunokwenzeka ebangele nengxubusho ebangel kumajelo eendaba of zemfuza. amakhulu amanqaku ngalo mbandela, wacebisa izinto ezininzi umdla abhalwa. Kuye kwacetyiswa indima ibakhusela non-esephepheni DNA, ukwakha uninzi lwezinto ezifunekayo ukuqhuba iinkqubo ezithile intracellular, ukuyilwa imigca aqingqiweyo neglu endaweni usifake. A di Mattick, umzekelo, ukholelwa ukuba i-DNA non-ikhowudi yonke - nangoku buqonda ekuthiwa-ribonucleic abangabancedani acid, RNA.

Sisondela ingxaki inxalenye cwaka ye-DNA kunye nomnye ngesandla. Kuye Kucetyiswa ukuba kwemolekyuli iDNA kubhaliwe kwaye igcinwe, hayi kuphela inkcazelo yemfuza, kodwa ke ngoko ngokuba iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. ulwazi Critical lu dityanisiwe iziganeko yingozi ukuba ubukho umzimba. ezinjalo technology lokutsala ulwazi uneempawu zawo, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Kuba sifundo ekhethiweyo abaqhelekileyo igwele yamazimba iqela Saccharomyces. Igwele umfuziselo into iiseli ezimangalisayo eukaryotic kwiintlobo zophando emasimini ngamachiza, zizifo, imizila yemfuza. Igwele Genetics isixa esikhulu bomsebenzi, zombini ithiyori kunye nophando isicelo phambili ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ukuba wenziwe. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1996, yaba genome silandelelanisiwe ngokupheleleyo Igwele Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nto leyo isiseko impumelelo systematics ngemolekyula of amagwele. Oku ukuba uthelekiso ngqo ngokulandelelana nucleotides xa ufuzo zabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto negwele kwaye akhethwa njengoko into yophando lwethu.

Olu hlobo igwele enikezelwa eukaryotic eqhelekileyo, ngamanye amazwi ukuba engundoqo iseli sangqa 3 - 7 mm. Ayiyo ukumela amazinga aphantsi kakhulu kwaye nkqu yovalo akayi kufa, kodwa babuye barhwaqele kuphela, ukuziqengqa zonke iinkqubo zakho metabolic. Kulungile ukuba uziva mnandi, kodwa kubushushu ngentla 47 degrees iinkqubo zabo ubomi imisiwe, kwaye kubushushu ka 80 - 100 degrees bafe.

Ngenxa yoko, iimeko ezibalulekileyo iqondo lobushushu sikuyo kufutshane degrees 80. Eziphembelela amaqondo ezinjalo kwi kwiiseli ze ngundo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baye bafunyaniswa ukutshintsha ulandelelwano nucleotide xa ngeso cwaka neemolekyuli zabo DNA. Ngaphezulu ifuthe wokulwa kubandakanya utshintsho kummandla ikhowudi ye DNA amsongele ukusebenza umzimba encinane.

Ngoko, kwi cwaka ngeso DNA ye nomngundo babhala ulwazi malunga neemeko ezinzima ezisongela ubomi babo. Ngaphezu koko, ezi iimeko awakukhupha kuye umonakalo omkhulu, kodwa wakwazi kusinda ngamava abeyinzuzo ngokwabo. Kanye kwezi meko, ngundo sele uyazi malunga nemiphumela emibi kwaye athathe onke amanyathelo siyiphephe. Into efanayo kunye iiseli zabantu. Umzimba lukwaquka iiseli ukuba abe iqondo elithile inkululeko ukuzimela. Kananjalo ukurekhoda iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kwaye bazama ukusebenzisa yona njengoko zisongele iimeko zabo ubomi zeselula. ulwazi Critical iiseli ibhalwe njengoko ebuchotsheni, kubhaliwe kwi mizwa. Wonke ukulwenza, nokuba imifanekiso ebonwayo enxulumene abantu, izakhiwo, imigodi, apho ezi zenzekile, phantse kwakhokelela kwintlekele, iziganeko, ivumba incasa, njengokungathi zangaphakathi, ezifana iintlungu, isandi kwaye ke kubhaliwe kwathiwa kwi iimolekyuli DNA. Le ndoda wasinda, ulwazi oluthile lurekhodwa kwanokuba iiseli bakholelwa ukuba wayeza kuba kwimeko enjalo ke le nkcazelo iza kumnceda ukuze sisinde kwakhona. DNA molecule enziwe iikhompawundi noko oluzinzileyo kwaye ukugcina ulwazi lwabo ngokungenammiselo. Ngoko ke, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezibhalwe kubume bayo kuba kakhulu, endala kakhulu.

Ecacileyo, sizama ukunika umzekelo. Kwathi kude wasePersi. WasePeshiya yasekwa kwi BC ngenkulungwane VI. e. Yaba ubukhosi mkhulu ukususela eYiputa ukuya Indus River. Ngo-332 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky woyisa umkhosi kaDariyo ukumkani waza wasithimba Persipol isixeko esisityebi. Kuba uxhathiso lithemba, wanika isixeko iintsuku ezi-3 amajoni akhe ukuba ayiphange. Abemi babehlala besoyika. Ibhotwe, egumbini lakhe, ezama ethandaza ibhinqa elo liselula waza wabuza kuNdikhoyo usindiso. Around wema imifanekiso kunye amakhandlela avuthayo. ebengayilindelanga abaphula emnyango nazo zonke ukuqhina kunye igumbi iyazigqabhuza ibe igorha elinamandla. Umlo emifutshane umfazi wankqonkqoza phantsi, elele zingqondweni phantsi. Edlwengulwa, ukuthetha isiGrike, ndlu ngokubamba uhambe. Ukonakala eyenziwe kumfazi wasinda, yaye phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngethamsanqa okanye ngelishwa, wamitha. Zonke mizwa ngayo loo mini yoyikekayo: icons, amakhandlela, intetho yamaGrike, iintlungu, kugquma iye yabhalwa iimolekyuli yayo DNA. Woman ngokukhuselekileyo kunikelwa kwaye sinikezelwe kulo lonke ulwazi ukuze umntwana wakho. Ukuhamba kuthotho izizukulwana kweshumi ezininzi kule nkcukacha, ekugqibeleni, kwafumaniseka ukuba umfana kwi zofuzo ngexesha lethu, kunye, Isimanga, eRashiya.

Nakowuphi na umzekelo, oku ulwazi olufunekayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuya kuba ezifunwayo ukwimeko efana oko sifunyenwe. Ngelo xesha umzimba kude bakwazi ukuphila yaye, nje xa ukwimeko enjalo, kuya kuba zoomatshini lokuyivelisa yonke iminqweno nezenzo ibhalwe DNA wayo. Ukuba ke ebandleni, apho kukho imifanekiso kunye amakhandlela atshisa, kuya kuqalisa ukuba kuqengqeleka ngeenxa emgangathweni nezisongelo bekhwaza. Kule meko siya kuthi ukuba iidemon kuhlalisana naye. Ukuba uthe wamtyhala wathetha ngesiGrike, sithi ukuba ubomi elibele wayehlala eGrisi. Enyanisweni, lo mfana zange wahlala nokuba eGrisi, okanye wasePersi, yena akanayo iidemon. Uye abhalwe molekyuli DNA inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ethintela ukuba siphile ngoxolo yaye ngoncedo psychoanalysis, Freud W lungasuswa ngempumelelo.

Yintoni esiyithethayo sigqibo kulo mba? ulwazi Critical engozini ngqo ubomi iiseli zomzimba ngokwabo kubhaliweyo ngeso cwaka kwemolekyuli DNA. Xa abantu, olu lwazi kuthatha phantse yonke umthamo kwemolekyuli DNA, ngenxa kwexesha elikhulu zempilo kwiimeko ezinjalo yaba mali esikhulu. Iimeko babeye efanayo, ngoko esiyibona ngeso cwaka inani elikhulu ukuphindaphinda. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iingxelo endala zingacimeka njengoko ingcaciso ebhalwe kule ngeso cwaka omncinane kakhulu kunokuba sofuzo ikhowudi. Ngenxa yoko, kanye kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba indalo akukho indawo ithuba, yaye zonke esenzeka ngayo injongo yayo. Kwaye, abantu, kufuneka baqonde ukuba akusoloko ukuziphatha lwethu isuke ngenxa kunye, ngoko ke, akusoloko kufanelekile kwezo meko.

Ielikov SL