Phrenology - yintoni na le nto? Undincinayo inzululwazi phrenology?

Iinzululwazi zale mihla ngenxa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo ingcamango zenzululwazi ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo-yeshumi elinesithoba. Nangona le ndlela yenzululwazi ezininzi iziganeko nje liqala ukwenza, yaye izazinzulu ziye wadala eninzi kwimimandla ethandwa kakhulu, kodwa kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba bubuxoki. Elinye ibali efanayo ukutshela phrenology. Le yesebe inzululwazi kanye yoyiswa kuphantse ukuba kulo lonke ihlabathi, kodwa iye isabalulekile ngenxa kuphuhliso kwingcingane kunye neurophysiology. Nangona ezi nkalo nenzululwazi phrenology ndashiyeka ethile ingqolowa efanele.

Phrenology - a nenzululwazi okanye mbumbulu?

Xa imithombo emininzi yenzululwazi imixube ezahlukeneyo ziyasetyenziswa kwi ukukhankanywa phrenology. Abanye abaphengululi ngokuzithemba bathi phrenology - i pseudo-science, kodwa abanye bakugqala kusenjalo isayensi, bazisa kakhulu ezifunyaniswe gqitha zizazinzulu mihla. Umanyano phakathi uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngelishwa, akukho. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kuthetha phrenology njenge inzululwazi. Kodwa khumbula ukuba ngelo xesha lakalokunje ngayo akujongwa njengento ebalulekileyo, nasekuziqiniseni kwam iindaba theory.

Phrenology - inzululwazi ubume, yaba lukakayi, kubudlelwane kunye iimpawu nangokwasengqondweni umntu. Le ngcamango lidumile kakhulu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yaye abalandeli kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kumazwe amaninzi, nkqu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izibonelelo eziphambili phrenology esetyenziswa kumsebenzi lwenzululwazi izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo adumileyo yehlabathi.

Eyona engundoqo amalungiselelo phrenology: ngokufutshane malunga main

Isiseko mbono yesayensi yaba kwesizindlo ukuba ingqondo yomntu, isebe ngalinye unoxanduva imisebenzi ethile engqondweni. ngakumbi I iphuhlise isebe elithile, i buqapheleke, yaba lukakayi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba protuberances kwi ukakayi izahlulo uphawu ingakumbi ezaba le ebuchotsheni uthinte kunye nokudakumba zibonisa umba wokungaphuhliswa amasebe ayo ngamnye.

Abalandeli phrenology babekholelwa ukuba imibhobho ukukhulelwa alunako ukutshintshwa iimpawu nangokwasengqondweni umntu ophantsi kweempembelelo imiba yezentlalo kunye abakhule ngayo. Yaye impembelelo ixesha elide babe ifuthe elithile kwi zomzimba psychology of loo mntu, kodwa oko kwenzeke kwizizukulwana nje ezimbalwa. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba laliqulunqwe imiqathango ezimbalwa esisiseko phrenology, ezaba postulates eziphambili lwezenzululwazi, isetyenziswa yi bonke abalandeli isayensi:

• ingqondo fanele kuloo maziko sezingqondweni;
• i neuron ubunjwe amaphondo amabini anesixhenxe, leyo isebenze ngokuzimeleyo na omnye komnye;
• iindawo ezithile zobuchopho bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokuzenzekelayo, nokunyusa umthamo ogcweleyo;
• Uphuhliso olusebenzayo ezibilinini kwandisa ngobukhulu;
• yokulinganisa, yaba lukakayi yabantu, singakwazi ngokuchanileyo ukubonisa uphuhliso kunye nobukhulu kwimimandla ngamanye neuron;
• ngokwesiseko kwedatha yomlinganiselo ulaziyo ukuziphatha komntu kwaye iveze ukuthambekela kwakhe kwengqondo.

Ukuba oku kungasentla idale isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu phrenology.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela yesayensi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo eYurophu yaba yiphysiognomy ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokutsho iziseko zawo, zonke iimpawu zomlinganiswa somntu sinokutshintshwa kuchongwa isakhiwo ebusweni bakhe. Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye kakhulu benza kuphuhliso le inzululwazi kwaye yazisa busanda enkulu obuxhasa sawo. Yiphysiognomy ulikhoboka kwi izangqa enyangweni, ndakubona ukuba umkhwa omtsha ngoku, ebonisa izinto ezifihlakeleyo psychology kwabantu. mbali Modern bakholelwa ukuba imfuneko wabantu kuphela kweyobunzululwazi ukuchaza awohluke kwengqondo. Isibakala sokuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo kwaye yeshumi elinesithoba, abantu baya ukusuka nemfundiso yonqulo, yaye wabonisa umdla omkhulu kwi sifundo bomntu ngamnye. Akumangalisi ke, iinzulu ienjini yabantu thaca into unexplored ngokwemiqathango yenzululwazi.

Kwakhona ebudeni beli xesha xesha wengqondo waseMelika wabeka phambili ingcamango yokuba zonke kwabenzi ezi zenzo kwenzeka ezinye impambano ngokunxulumene ukungaphumeleli kwiindawo ngamnye zobuchopho. Ngokwalo mbono, ngexesha ulwaphulo iinxalenye yobuchopho basebenze ngokuzimeleyo, baqale 'exutywe "kunye nabanye kwaye kungadala istroke, ekhokelela ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Zonke ezi zibakala Ngaphezulu yabe isiseko, apho phrenology esekelwe. Le yamanje yesayensi, ngoku yiphysiognomy, iye ayenziwa. Kwixesha elizayo, iye unokuvelisa ezininzi iindlela ezintsha kunye neengcamango zenzululwazi yotshintsho olululo. Umsunguli phrenology phantse ukuya ekupheleni ubomi bakhe lokuziphendulela imfundiso yakhe. Emva kokufa kwakhe, yena ezabiwa ziko zenzululwazi skull njengoko yokugqibela kunye bungqina obubonakalayo kwinguqulelo yenzululwazi, apho kukhuthazwa kuzo zonke amazwe ehlabathini.

Ngubani na odale imfundiso phrenology?

Amaxesha amaninzi, nenzululwazi entsha kuvela njengoko umsebenzi odibeneyo eziliqela izazinzulu ezingqondweni. Kodwa kwimeko yethu kwenzeka ngokwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Phrenology ngumdali-nzulu yaseOstriya Franz nesifo senyongo. Yena waba udokotela anatomist obalaseleyo, yaye ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesibhozo yolwazi ukuqokelela ukuze angqine imfundiso yakhe. Ixesha lokuqala wayenikela iintetho e Vienna, kamva senyongo iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo emandiyenze kwi phrenology lonke yaye iye yapapashwa amaphepha esayensi ngalo mbandela.

Franz senyongo: ibhayografi emfutshane

nzulu esidumileyo wazalwa e Vienna phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Abaninzi ababephila ngexesha lakhe ingqalelo kuye ugqirha brilliant, waba iinkonzo yakhe, wazuza kakuhle. Kodwa uninzi bonke abanomdla ezakhiwe ngayo isifo senyongo kunye neempawu psyche yabantu, kubonakala isakhiwo yokakayi.

Nguye ngaxeshanye kunye kwezonyango ngokubonakalayo wafunda ubume Skulls zabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa senyongo waqokelela kakhulu ingqokelela Skulls abumbe, elathi ukuba ukudala isiseko ngonzululwazi sokuba phrenology.

Ukuthandwa iintetho zakhe e Vienna, Austria yanyanzela urhulumente bakhathazeka. Emva phrenology ngokucacile ulicekisile yintlantsi likaThixo, nto leyo ebonisa umlinganiswa lomntu kwaye kwetalente. Oku kuchasene zonke iimfundiso neecawa, ngoko ke nzulu bagxothwa Austria. Kodwa ke azenziwanga senyongo ukuncama imfundiso yakhe yenzululwazi, waya kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwaye yonke ke ngehlombe efunyenwe zizazinzulu. Emide wahlala eFransi. Ngeli xesha, isifo senyongo wakhululwa imiqulu ezine imisebenzi lwenzululwazi phrenology. Scientist wafa ngo-1828 kukho Ukopha ebuchotsheni.

uphuhliso phrenology

Njengokuba isifo senyongo washiywa kuqala waqalisa ukucinga malunga nolwalamano phakathi kobuchopho isakhiwo ukakayi ngexesha kwiminyaka yakhe yesikolo. Wandula ke waphawula ukuba oontanga bakhe ngamehlo ezinkulu ewayo, inkumbulo elungileyo. Kamva ke lahlaziya abantu amakhulu aliqela kwaye kwasasazwa iitalente zabantu kunye neempawu iindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Ekuqaleni senyongo wakhetha ngamaqela amabini anesixhenxe ka ingqondo, yaye wasikhelela kubo imaphu, kwixesha elizayo inani lanyuka ukuya ezingamashumi amathathu anethoba.

Gallo wanceda abaselula ugqirha Shpurtsgeym, owaba intsebenziswano ngumbhali imisebenzi yokuqala lwezenzululwazi olufanelekileyo sisazinzulu. Oogqirha abaninzi usenyongweni otyholwa ubuqhophololo, njengokuba iintetho zakhe, wacaphula imizekelo kuqinisekiswa imfundiso yakhe. Ezinye izibakala sesayensi nje abazange isaziso Ndakugqala ke kubo bengabalulekanga. Nangona ababeyiqwebile ngokwanele iminyaka emininzi.

Nangona iqela, phrenology wazuza kuthandwa kwi UK, US naseYurophu. Gallo wabonakala kubalandeli ezininzi kuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi de phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

sunset phrenology

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kude kube banesifo ye phrenology kwinkulungwane yokugqibela esivakalayo ngenkuthalo ngokwenzululwazi. Wonke wakugqala umsebenzi wam ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso layo, ngoko, kwaphuma iqashiso iincwadi kunye nemisebenzi lwenzululwazi phrenology kweli xesha.

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, izazinzulu ziye kakhulu yathandwa inzululwazi, ezama ukutsala abaxhasi abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo phrenology, izifundo ingqondo, waphefumlela izazinzulu ezininzi ukusebenza ngalo mbandela. Kodwa abanye kubo ukuba iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, waza waqalisa ukwenza kunye exposure nenzululwazi, bechaza iingxoxo ezintsha, amanqaku kunye neengcamango. Phrenology njalo ziyadibana yabantu, ngezengqondo, kwengqondo lwasenkundleni kunye zomzimba. Ekugqibeleni mbumbulu waba negalelo kuphuhliso zonke ezi nkalo zenzululwazi, wangcwatyelwa phantse wonke umsebenzi nesifo senyongo.

Phrenology indima kwezesayensi lwasenkundleni mihla

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba phrenology kwi wamacala kuqala wazama ukufunda yokuziphatha yolwaphulo-mthetho waza wavakalisa imfuneko dyondza uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho xa lulonke. oosonzululwazi Modern kunye zemfuza Kwasekwa phezu ingcamango iqhutywe phrenology, ukuba ukuziphatha mthetho kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo iziphene ebuchotsheni. Yaye kuqala wadala phrenologists yokuziphatha yokuhlela-mthetho. Phantse bonke bakholwa ukuba abantu abahamba phezu zolwaphulo begula. Ukongeza, yengqondo mihla baye baqinisekisa ukuba lo mzuzu wokukhulelwa abantu olungaka eyahlukileyo ugonyamelo ndlongo.

Zonke ezi ngcamango ziye abeke phambili okokuqala Halle, yaye ngaloo mihla yayigqalwa kumnandi.

Phrenology azinampembelelo ukuyilwa psychology nje isayensi

Phrenology in psychology sele Umvelisi iingcamango ezininzi yotshintsho olululo. Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba akukho iye yaphela, yaye nje similise kwesayensi entsha. Enyanisweni akunjalo, kodwa phrenologists ngcamango ziye zaba nempembelelo enamandla kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ngengqondo.

kwinguqulelo yokuqala yaphehlelelwa nguloo mntu uhlobo engqondweni izizathu nokomzimba. Nangenxa yoko zinokunyangeka. Kwakhona gesifundo phrenologists isifundo ukuqaphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba na ukuba nako licaciswe ngendlela eyiyo. Uninzi yengqondo ezaziwayo-kakuhle American zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, enibe nifudula phrenology. Le nto ithetha lukhulu.

UMthetho Europe: izidumbu phrenology

Mbumbulu likwazile ukuba umfutho kuhlaziywe imithetho ezininzi eYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, malunga kwabaphuli abagula ngengqondo yamkelwe maningabi isohlwayo ezifana ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Baqala ke ukuba kuthunyelwa kumaziko ezizodwa ezilungiselelwe le khosi konyango. Kwavela phrenology Ngenxa ngexesha uluntu, wakhuthaza ukupheliswa isigwebo sentambo kumazwe aseYurophu kwaye eUnited States.

Ngaxeshanye, kumazwe amaninzi urhulumente ukubonisa ulwamkelo eziliqela imithetho elawula amalungelo amabanjwa kunye namaziko oluleko ukungenisa imithetho yolawulo.

isiphelo

Mhlawumbi phrenology ube inzululwazi, kodwa wakwazi ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi kudaleke imiqathango ukwenzela uphuhliso imisinga ezininzi ezintsha zenzululwazi, apho kamva zisontiweyo off ibe nenzululwazi elizimeleyo. Akwaziwa ngoku kuba yintoni na kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ukuba ingqondo benelungelo Frantsa Gallya, ngubani wayengoyiki ukuba ngunozala a imisinga zenzululwazi revolution kunye unique ngokupheleleyo.