Dissociation le neetyuwa, asidi alkalis. Theory kwaye isebenza

Ukuze inkqubo iyonke boqobo Physical Chemistry kunye eziphilayo apho izinto ezithile - molekyuli ion (amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo icala ngokuba ukuse- kunye amasuntswana kakubi ityala, ngokuba anions) radicals iba zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba dissociation, leyo Latin for "dissociation" lithetha "ngokwahlukana." Lubonakala yi iziphawuli ezifana "iqondo dissociation", ebonisa umlinganiselo amasuntswana inqanyulwe kwinani elipheleleyo amasuntswana phambi ukuwa, oko kukuthi, iqhezu kwamasuntswana ukuba yaphela. Inkqubo sokonakalisa amasuntswana kunokwenzeka ngenxa iintshukumo ezithile iziyobisi, uhlobo ezi ziphumo kugqiba uhlobo dissociation. Ukwahlula dissociation emhlabeni, photodissociation, dissociation phantsi kwempembelelo radiation ionizing, dissociation electrolytic. Dissociation sisichasi yonxulumano kunye recombination. Le nkqubo basoloko bexakaniseka kunye ionization.

dissociation Electrolytic luhlobo dissociation, kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo molekyuli nazinkinga kunye amabhere uphawu imichiza. Ziimveliso kwahlula sesinyibilikisi zibe ion nokuqhuba ombane, ebizwa electrolyte (asidi, ityuwa, isisekelo). Substances leyo xa unyityilikiswa kwahlula ibe ion (alkoholi, esters, iikhabhohayidrethi, njalo-njalo), kodwa electrolytes. Eyona electrolytes ibalulekileyo nesinyibilikisi - amanzi. ngokwayo Water iphawulwa njenge electrolyte buthathaka. izinyibilikisi Polar (umz, ethanol, ammonia kunye acetic acid) nazo ziyakwazi ukuchitha electrolytes. Dissociation ye asidi, alkalis, ngathi dissociation of neetyuwa kwenzeka izisombululo zolwelo. Le neetyuwa ze - eli yeklasi anemichiza ogama molecule enziwe amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo ebizwayo (ukuse- metal), kunye amasuntswana kakubi wamwisela (acid anion abaseleyo). Ukongeza iityuwa acid, ngokungafaniyo ityuwa eqhelekileyo luqulathe iintlobo ezimbini ukuse- (zentsimbi kunye hydrogen) kwaye intsalela anion asidi. Xa unyityilikiswa emanzini iimolekyuli ukubola phezu ion ityuwa. Le ityuwa inokubuyiselwa umphunga emanzini.

Ukwahlula phakathi electrolytes omeleleyo buthathaka. Kwi-classical ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic inkqubo EZAZIWAYO ingqalelo ingathityazwa, kodwa le nkulumo isebenza kuphela electrolytes elibuthathaka izisombululo yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano. dissociation Electrolytic ye asidi, iziseko, iityuwa, kuyinkqubo vuhlayiseki, njengoko ityuwa (phantse zonke, ngaphandle kwezinye ezinzima), ii-asidi kunye neziseko (aba kunye nesinyithi kwealkali ialakalin nomhlaba) ezi electrolytes eyomeleleyo kunye nezisombululo ezibuthathaka iimolekyuli ngokupheleleyo (100 %) inqanyulwe zibe ion. electrolytes Strong: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (-nitric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (calcium chloride), NaOH (sodium hayidroksayidi). electrolytes buthathaka: NH4OH (ammonium hayidroksayidi), H2CO3 (asidi), CH3COOH (acetic acid) kwaye uninzi organic asidi kunye neziseko. Bathi xa unyityilikiswa emanzini nga kwahlula ngokungaphelelanga (ngokuqhelekileyo, eli xabiso isusela ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kwi-10%).

Ngoko ke, Kuluvo ukuba isisombululo ibe electrolyte enamandla iqulethe ion kuphela, kwaye nesisombululo electrolytes babuthathaka, ikakhulu iimolekyuli nondecomposed zenkqunto. Dissociation le neetyuwa kukhokelela ekubeni kwi isisombululo equlethe kuphela ion metal kunye namasalela acid (umz, sodium Na + zesiqinisekiso kunye ichlorine anion Cl-) kunye molekyuli nondecomposed (NaCl) ityuwa. iityuwa Dissociation acid ekhokelela kuseko xa isisombululo ibe zesiqinisekiso otyhidiweyo, hydrogen zesiqinisekiso namasalela anion asidi. Umzekelo, ityuwa acid NaHCO3 (ibhiKharbonati yesoda) dissociates ibe zesiqinisekiso sodium (Na +), hydrogen zesiqinisekiso (H) kunye anion of గుర్తులు ibhaloni intsalela acid acid (SO3-).

Ukuba isisombululo (zokunyibilikiswa) ibekwe kwiseli electrolyte electrolytic (isitya kunye anode kunye cathode), xa ombane lusetyenziswa ukuqala intshukumo zokukhomba amasuntswana icala ukuba i electrode kwentlawulo malunga: iyatshi- ezakhayo - ukuya cathode kakubi ityala, ngelixa anions ezingalunganga - ukuya ngokuqinisekileyo ityala anode. Le impahla electrolytes, ingakumbi, iityuwa dissociation ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ubugcisa. electrolysis ikhutshwa phandle imveliso woshishino-aluminiyam, ikopolo (by yokucokisa electrolytic). Electrolysis avelise izinto isulungekileyo loo ntumbuluko ayikwazi zingafunyanwa kwezinye iindlela (neyanamhlanje, crystallization, kunye nabanye). Isinyithi electrolysis enencindi sisimbiwa, ukucocwa, ekubeni cathode lifakwa kuphela kwi zesiqinisekiso intsimbi kunye ubumdaka sihlale isisombululo okanye zinyibilike. Le mba we dissociation of neetyuwa oxhasa ukuvelisa hydrogen nyulu kunye chlorine ecocekileyo. Emanzini, sodium chloride into ibolile zibe ion: zesiqinisekiso sodium kunye chlorine anion. Xa anode ziya kwabelwa yeKhlorini ecocekileyo cathode - hydrogen ovela, kwaye isisombululo liya kuba enye eceleni ebalulekileyo - hayidroksayidi sodium.