Astronomy - ntoni na? Meaning and History of Astronomy

Mhlawumbi akukho umntu omnye kule planethi nabangazange ucinge amanqaku ezichanileyo ngokuqhwanyaza esibhakabhakeni ezibonakalayo ebusuku. Kutheni inyanga iya ijikeleza Umhlaba? le nokunye konke ukufunda ngeenkwenkwezi. Yintoni izijikelezi, iinkwenkwezi, ezinomsila, xa kukho umnyama, yaye kutheni emazeni olwandle kwenzeka - le kunye ezininzi mibuzo neminye iphendulwa indalo. Makhe sijonge lasungulwa kunye nentsingiselo eluntwini.

Le nkcazelo nesakhiwo Science

Astronomy - inzululwazi ngesakhiwo kunye nemvelaphi kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yasezulwini, ubucukubhede yasezulwini yaye uphuhliso iphela. Igama layo livela kumagama amabini isiGrike, owokuqala lithetha "nkwenkwezi", yaye okwesibini - ". sentlalo, eli siko"

Okulandelayo siza kuthetha yonke indlela eya ukuyilwa olu qeqesho. Ngelo xesha langoku zophuhliso, oko kuquka imiyalelo eliqela ngakumbi ngqo.

Ukusetyenziswa ufunda isakhiwo neempawu imizimba yasezulwini. Icandelwana le-astronomi obalaseleyo.

ubucukubhede zasezulwini kuphendula imibuzo malunga intshukumo kunye nentsebenziswano izinto yesiqalo.

Cosmogony ibe imvelaphi kunye nasekusungulweni iphela.

Ngoko ke, namhlanje, umhlaba inzululwazi eziqhelekileyo ngoncedo ubugcisa bale mihla kungalandisa ummandla wophando kude ngaphaya iplanethi yethu.

Into nenjongo

Xa isithuba, kuvela, ziyafana iintlobo ngeentlobo imizimba nezinto. Bonke bephela bafunda kwaye zimisela, enyanisweni, kwisifundo ngeenkwenkwezi. Iminyele neenkwenkwezi kunye langa kunye eziwa, enomsila kunye antimatter - oku ekhulwini kuphela imibuzo ebuziweyo phambi olu qeqesho.

Kutsha nje kukho ithuba omkhulu umsebenzi wokuhlola isithuba. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuhlolwa (okanye astronautics) ngokuzingca waba ngaxhatha linye kunye nabaphandi zemfundo.

Le uluntu waphupha ixesha elide. Le noveli yokuqala eyaziwayo - "Somnium", ebhalwe kwikota yokuqala ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Kwaba kuphela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, abantu baye bakwazi ukujonga umhlaba wethu ngaphandle kwaye atyelele satellite Umhlaba - iNyanga.

Izihloko ngeenkwenkwezi ayiphelelanga kwezi miba. Emva koko, siza kuthetha banzi.

Ziziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswa ukusombulula iingxaki? Wokuqala kwaye yamandulo kubo - ukubukela. Ezi mpawu zilandelayo ziye wabonakala kutshanje kuphela. Olu hlahlelo ecacicleyo, ukufota, izitishi isithuba sungula kunye neesathelayithi.

Imiba enxulumene imvelaphi kunye ngendaleko ngayo indalo, izinto zabantu ngabanye Akukabonakali kufundwa ngokwaneleyo. Okokuqala, musa ukuba izinto ngokwaneleyo ezingasetyenziswanga, yaye okwesibini, imizimba ezininzi zikude kakhulu ukwenzela ufundo echanileyo.

iintlobo kokuma

Ekuqaleni, isintu ndiqhayise kuphela waphawula aqhelekileyo olubonakalayo kwesibhakabhaka. Kodwa le ndlela abangekaphuhli wamnika yoko enkulu, esiza kuxubusha kamva.

Ngeenkwenkwezi wasemajukujukwini namhlanje enxulumene kunanini na ngaphambili. Izinto bafunda ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yakutshanje ekuvumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa namasebe amaninzi uqeqesho. Makhe uqhelane nabo.

indlela Optical. Inguqulelo yokuqala kokuma ngeliso lenyama, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba zizibonakude, ulise kwi zokubona, yerediyo. Oku kusebenza kwi kufota ngokutsha yasungulwa.

Icandelo elilandelayo lijongana kunye Ubhaqo radiation infrared emajukujukwini. Ngayo, esisigxina izinto ezingabonakaliyo (umz, efihliweyo emva igesi kwamafu) okanye ukwakhiwa imizimba yasezulwini.

Intsingiselo ngeenkwenkwezi ayikwazi zabaxwa, ekubeni inoxanduva imibuzo obungunaphakade: apho sivela khona.

Ezi nkqubo zilandelayo ukuhlola yonke segamma radiation,-x-reyi, yelanga.

Kukho izixhobo ukuba akazalani kwimitha electromagnetic. Ngokukodwa, omnye kubo isekelwe phezu ngobhalo neutrino ngumongo. kushishino wave omxhuzulane isaphonononga isithuba nokusasazwa ezi zenzo mabini.
Ngoko ke, iintlobo kokuma ezaziwayo ngelo xesha lakalokunje, ukwandisa kakhulu isakhono yoluntu ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

Makhe sijonge inkqubo ukusekwa kwale nzululwazi.

Imvelaphi kunye nasekuqaleni amanqanaba nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Kumaxesha amandulo, ngemihla yoluntu nobu-, abantu beqala nje ukuba siqhelane ihlabathi ukuchaza isenzeko. Bazama ukuqonda imini nobusuku, namaxesha, ukuziphatha izinto ezinkulu, ezifana iindudumo, imibane, enomsila. Yintoni i Ilanga kunye neNyanga - naye uyakuhlala imfihlelo kutheni ubalwe njengoothixo.
Noko ke, nangona oku, sele ngexesha le yaseSamariya ubukumkani ngababingeleli inqaba wenza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo. Babelana ukukhanya ebonakalayo lekroza ezichongiweyo kubo namhlanje "ibhanti zodiacal" aye avelisa ikhalenda kwenyanga eliquka iinyanga ezilishumi. Kwakhona baye bavula "Umjikelo Metonic", nangona kancinane ngaphambili wenza amaTshayina.

AmaYiputa nzulu isifundo imizimba yasezulwini. Bade bezazisa imeko emangalisayo. Umlambo iNayile uya ayivalele ekuqaleni kwehlobo, kanye ngeli xesha elundini siqala ukuvela inkwenkwezi Sirius, leyo wafihlwa kwiinyanga zasebusika esibhakabhakeni omnye ikhweyitha.

EYiputa, kuba ixesha lokuqala baqalisa ukwahlula imini ibe ziiyure ezingama-24. Kodwa ekuqaleni lweveki usuku-ezilishumi, oko kukuthi, inyanga ibe amashumi amathathu.

Nangona kunjalo, lo enkulu ngeenkwenkwezi yamandulo ifumene China. Apha phantse bakwazi ukubala ubude konyaka, onokuchaza kwelanga zesola yenyanga, nokugcina iirekhodi ezinomsila, sunspots kunye nezinye iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ekupheleni kwale BC kwewaka lesibini abonakale observatory kuqala.

period lidala

Imbali ngeenkwenkwezi ukuqonda kwethu kunokwenzeka ngaphandle nakwiinkwenkwezi zamaGrike kunye ngokwemiqathango ubucukubhede yasezulwini hayi. Ngoxa ekuqaleni amaGrike kakhulu ephosakeleyo, kodwa ekugqibeleni baye bakwazi ukwenza mkhanya echanileyo. Imposiso, umzekelo, kukugcina yokuba livela kusasa nangokuhlwa Venus ke ingqalelo izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Eyokuqala, lowo wanikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kule ndawo lolwazi, baba Pythagoreans. Babesazi ukuba uMhlaba sphere, nokuba imini nobusuku ziya indawo, kuba lijikeleza phezu axis yayo.

Aristotle wakwazi ukubala achazwe apha kulo mhlaba, nangona kunjalo, wenza impazamo ngendlela elikhulu kabini, kodwa ngokuchanileyo loo xesha phezulu. Hipparchus wakwazi ukubala ubude konyaka, mna angenise zejografi ezinjengezo nobude. amacwecwe aqulunqwe kwelanga elanga kunye kwenyanga. Ngokutsho kuye kube lula ukuqikelela la ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini. ukuze ufunde bezulu zethu it!

njengesikhanyiso entsha ehlabathini yamandulo Klavdiy Ptolemey. Igama kwimbali ngeenkwenkwezi Scientist zigcinwa ngonaphakade. Imposiso luli, ichazwa uphuhliso elide uluntu. Ungqinile hypothesis ukuba uMhlaba kwi embindini iphela, nabo bonke imizimba yasezulwini kwake ngeenxa zonke. Ngenxa ubuKristu silwe, ngokubuyisela eRoma, omninzi inzululwazi liye lashiywa, ezifana ngeenkwenkwezi, kakhulu. Yintoni i Milky Way , yaye yintoni na ke achazwe apha komhlaba, kungekho namnye waba nomdla ngakumbi ukuphikisana ngokuba zingaphi iingelosi ziya kutsiba nge inaliti iliso. scheme ngoko geocentric zehlabathi kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi yaba umlinganiselo inyaniso.

Indian Astronomy

Inca ingqalelo isuntswana ngokwahlukileyo esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu kwezinye iintlanga. Xa sibhenela kwikota, ukuba ngeenkwenkwezi - inzululwazi yalo mbutho kunye neempawu imizimba yasezulwini. AmaNdiya le ndlu kuqala ayinabantu kakhulu ayeze "Mkhulu River of ezulwini" - iMilky Way. On Earth, kwaba nokuqhubekeka Vilcanota - umlambo iphambili kufuphi nesixeko Cusco - ikomkhulu Inca. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ilanga, ukuya ngasentshona, wayetshona ukuya ezantsi emlanjeni kwaye wegqitha okwimpuma zezulu.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Inca sasikwanti kulandela iiplanethi - iNyanga, Jupiter, uSaturn Venus, ngaphandle ngeeteleskopu ndaqwalasela ukuba angaphinda kuphela uGalileo usebenzisa yokukhanya.

Observatory ziye nezimiso zamatye zalishumi elinazibini, apho ibekwe phezu kwentaba kufutshane ingqukuva. Banceda ukuchaza indawo kwelanga ezulwini, namaxesha ezisisigxina, iinyanga.

Maya, ngokuchaseneyo Inca, liphuhlise ulwazi ngokunzulu. Ubuninzi loo ngeenkwenkwezi ukufunda namhlanje, nokwazeka kwayo kubo. Benza kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo kakhulu ngexesha lo nyaka, ngenyanga umahlule ngo iiveki ezimbini iintsuku ezilishumi. Ukuqaleka kwayo kwimbali kwakujongwa 3113 BC.

Ngenxa yoko, siyabona ukuba kwihlabathi lamandulo, naphakathi kwezizwe "amaqaba", oko kuthathwa ngokuba "ephucukile" baseYurophu, ukufunda ngeenkwenkwezi kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu. Makhe sibone, ukuba oko kuqhayisa eYurophu emva kokuwa ithi yamandulo.

abanemvume

Enkosi kwi inzondelelo Kwamacala kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha kunye nophuhliso ezibuthathaka izizwe kumabakala okuqala eli xesha, abaninzi inzululwazi uqhela. Ukuba ngamakhoboka abantu babesazi ukuba ukufunda ngeenkwenkwezi, yaye abaninzi banomdla inkcazelo enjalo, kumaXesha Aphakathi waba imfundiso eziphuhlileyo ngakumbi. Kuba iincoko uMhlaba ojikeleze nokuba ilanga kweli ziko, kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba aqhumisele esibondeni. amagama ezo ingqalelo ukunyelisa, yaye abantu babebizwa ngokuba singabawexuki.

Ukuvuselelwa, Isimanga, ivela empumalanga liphela zasePyrenees. I-Arabhu wazisa ulwazi nase- wabasindisa ookhokho babo ukususela kwixesha Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu ngu Cardinal kuwo yena zivakalise umbono ukuba indalo ongapheliyo, uphinde Ptolemy engalunganga. La mazwi baba onyeliso, kodwa kakhulu ngaphambi kwexesha labo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kuthathwa ububhanxa.

Kodwa ke revolution wenza Copernicus, ngubani phambi kokufa kwakhe, wagqiba kwelokuba apapashe isifundo yobomi bakhe. Ungqinile ukuba iziko le Ilanga kunye Umhlaba kunye nezinye izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke.

iplanethi

Oku imizimba yasezulwini zijikeleza orbit esithubeni. Igama baza lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'owasemzini. " Kutheni kunjalo? Ngenxa yokuba abantu bamandulo, babebonakala neenkwenkwezi abahambahambayo. Zonke ezinye bakwiindawo njengesiqhelo, kwaye zihamba yonke imihla.

Njani yahluke kwezinye izinto kwindalo iphela? Okokuqala, izijikelezi-langa ezincinane ngokwaneleyo. isayizi yazo ikuvumela ukuba mhlophe indlela yenu planetesimals kunye nezinye kobutyobo, kodwa akwanelanga ukuba ukuqala fusion enyukliya, njenge inkwenkwezi.

Okwesibini, ngenxa yobunzima bazo, bafumane imilo ajikelezayo, kwaye enze umphezulu eshinyeneyo ngokwayo ngenxa yeenkqubo ezithile. Okwesithathu, umhlaba ngokuqhelekileyo ukujikeleza kwinkqubo ethile ehlabathini inkwenkwezi okanye zaso.

abantu bamandulo bakholwa ezi imizimba "abathunywa 'yasezulwini koothixo okanye polubozhestvami, irenki alithe gangqa, yithini, inyanga okanye ilanga.

Emva koko waye xesha "i Ptolemaic Ngenxa ihlabathi." Kule Ngenkulungwane, kwakukholelwa ukuba zonke iiplanethi kunye nezinye izinto Bajikeleza Umhlaba, wadla yena, naye, kwenziwa embindini iphela.

Kuphela uGalileo Galiley okokuqala ngoncedo uphawula ezinjengeetelescope yokuqala unako ukugqiba ukuba, inkqubo yethu, zonke izidumbu hamba ijikeleza ilanga. Kuba lowo uve ubunzima ukusuka Kwamacala ukumvala umlomo. Kodwa waqhubeka ityala.

Ngokwengcaciso, ezaziwayo luninzi namhlanje, iplanethi ingqalelo umzimba kuphela mass ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukujikeleza inkwenkwezi. Abanye - nto satellites, izijikelezi-langa ezincinane kunye nangaphezulu. Ukususela ngokombono singles zenzululwazi kula manqaku musa.

Ngoko ke, ixesha apho umhlaba yenza isangqa ngokupheleleyo ijikeleza inkwenkwezi, ebizwa kunyaka-langa. Le ndawo ikufutshane esendleleni eya inkwenkwezi - it periastron kwaye qelele - apoastron.

Into yesibini ukuba kubalulekile ukwazi iiplanethi, kukuba baye itsheke axis kuthelekiswa komzila. Ngenxa kule ikhweyitha ngexesha ujikelezo kufumana izixa ezahlukeneyo ukukhanya imisebe iinkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke kukho utshintsho onyaka, ixesha losuku, ihlabathi iye yasekwa kunye nemimandla zemozulu.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba umhlaba ngaphandle indlela yayo ijikeleza inkwenkwezi (kulo nyaka), kodwa yodwa axis yayo. Kulo mzekelo, isangqa ngokupheleleyo ubizwa ngokuba 'imini. "
Olona phawu yokugqibela yale sezijikelezi - yinto okuwo enyulu. Kuba eqhelekileyo yokusebenza umhlaba kufuneka endleleni, xa ujongene iindidi zezinto ezincinane, kutshabalalisa bonke "okhuphisana" kwaye ukuba bahambe bodwa omhle.

Kwisixokelelwano sethu lelanga kukho mhlaba ezahlukeneyo. Astronomy zonke ezisibhozo kubo. I ezine zokuqala zinxulumene i "ezisentlabathini" - Mercury, Venus, uMhlaba, Mars. Abanye zahlulwe gas (kaZeyus, uSaturn) kunye ice (Uranium, nguNeptune) Anaki.

star

Siyabona elowo ebusuku esibhakabhakeni. ifildi Black, oluphahlwe amachaphaza obukhanyayo. Zakha amaqela iinkwenkwezi. Kodwa hayi ilize imbeko yabo kuthiwa inzululwazi - ngeenkwenkwezi. Yintoni le "nkwenkwezi"?

Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ngeliso lenyama kumgangatho ndisaxomoloza abantu abakwazi ukubona izinto amawaka amathathu isebenza. nganye kwezi zifaka.
Baye kudala umdla ku kusicima lwabo kuluntu 'ekuseni "raison d'être. Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Ngoko ke, inkwenkwezi - yasemanzini omkhulu yerhasi, ezinye ilifu kunye mninzi sezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphakathi ukuba kwenzeke okanye kwenzeka reaction ngaphambili yenyukliya. Ubunzima izinto ezifanayo ikuvumela ukuba balolonge ngokwabo jikelele kwindlela.

Xa ukufunda ezi imizimba yesiqalo, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa iindlela ezininzi lokuhlela. Wena ukhe weva "UDema ebomvu", "iingxilimbela ezimhlophe 'kunye nezinye" nabemi "iphela. Ngoko ke, namhlanje enye zokuhlelwa kakhulu ubhetyebhetye - typology le uMorgan-Keenan.

Oku kubandakanya lidala iinkwenkwezi ubukhulu kunye omoya. amaqela ezintsha zithiywe oonobumba be-alfabhethi Latin: O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Ngoko ke ukuqonda kancinci ngayo wayifumana njengesiqalo, ilanga, ngokwale yokuhlela, iwela iqela le «G».

njani ezi ngxilimbela zivela phi? Bona zakha irhasi iqhelekileyo iphela - hydrogen kunye helium, kunye ucinezelo inzuzo omxhuzulane ngenxa waphela kunye nobunzima.

inkwenkwezi yethu - ilanga kunye ekufutshane kuthi - Proxima Centauri. Le ise kwinkqubo Alpha Centauri kwaye ivela kuthi kumgama 270 000 Umgama ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya elangeni. Kwaye malunga 39 ezigidi neekhilomitha.

Ngokubanzi, zonke iinkwenkwezi zibalwa ngokungqinelana ne-Ilanga (ubunzima bazo, ubungakanani, Ekukhanyeni malumga). Umgama ukuya kwezi zinto ngazo kwiminyaka ekukhanyeni okanye parsecs. Last imalunga 3.26 ukukhanya-iminyaka, okanye ngeekhilomitha 30.850.000.000.000.

izazi engahlawulwayo, Kakade ke, kufuneka ukuba wazi futhi uqonda la manani.
Stars, ngathi yonke enye into kwihlabathi lethu, indalo, bezalwa, ukuphuhlisa sife, kwimeko yawo - zisenokuqhushumba. Ngokutsho isikali Harvard, baya kuwa ecaleni spectrum okuluhlaza (abatsha) ukuya obomvu (endala). Sun wethu ibhekisela tyheli, elithetha 'ukuza ubudala ".

Kukho kwakhona UDema amfusa, namhlophe, iingxilimbela ebomvu, iinkwenkwezi ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezininzi. Ahluke amanqanaba lwesinyithi ezahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, ngenxa ukutshiswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo reactions fusion sokukala spectrum radiation.

Kukho kwakhona la amagama, "eqhumayo" "omtsha" kunye "Hypernova". La magama azibhalwanga ngokupheleleyo kubonakala kwiikota. Iinkwenkwezi - nje ubudala, ubukhulu becala iphela dubulo wayo khona. La mazwi abonisa ukuba kanye oko babona kuphela ngexesha ukuwa, phambi kokuba fixed nakwezona ngezibonakude kakhulu.

Ukuba ujonga esibhakabhakeni evela eMhlabeni, yesihloko elibonakala ngokucacile. abantu bamandulo wabanika amagama, uqambe ngazo ezi ntsomi bafakwa koothixo babo namaqhawe. Namhlanje, siyazi amagama afana nesiLimela, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, kwanawezayo kuthi, evela amaGrike amandulo.

Namhlanje, Noko ke, izazinzulu zabelwe iinkqubo ogcwele. Beka nje, masithi ukuba sibona isibhakabhaka ayikho ilanga elinye, kodwa ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke, kukho amaqela kabini, kathathu kunye inkwenkwezi (apho likhanyise ngaphezulu).

Okulandelayo siza kufunda ezinye amaxesha funny, ejongisisa ngeenkwenkwezi practical. Yintoni fashion awe esibhakabhakeni, kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla - lonke lo ngezantsi.

anika umdla

Planet ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ezifana umgama ukusuka inkwenkwezi nga 'ukushiya' kwisithuba evulekileyo. Ngeenkwenkwezi Kule meko ibizwa ngokuba "planet elinamandla". Nangona izazinzulu ezininzi inyanzelise ukuba lo protostar.

Inkalo umdla isibhakabhaka kukuba enyanisweni kanti akunjalo, njengoko sibona kuyo. izibonelelo ezininzi ziye kudala liqhuma, yaye yaphela, kodwa kangangokuba kude ukuba kusekho ukubona ukukhanya flash.

Kutshanje bekukho fashion ngokubanzi ukufumana awe esibhakabhakeni. Njani na unokumisela ukuba phambi kwakho: ngelitye okanye ungowasemzini wasezulwini. Lo mbuzo uphendulwa ngeenkwenkwezi eyonwabisayo.

I eziwa lokuqala luthe usinda ngaphezu izinto ezininzi imvelaphi eziphila. Ngenxa umxholo ensimbi, iye iipropati ngemagnethi. Kwakhona into kumphezulu yasezulwini into reflowed njengoko ngexesha lokuwa, akavumelanga umthwalo omkhulu oshushu ngenxa zochuku kunye koMhlaba.

Siye kwakhona iingongoma eziphambili wenzululwazi ezifana ngeenkwenkwezi. Ziziphi iinkwenkwezi neeplanethi, imbali ukuyilwa uqeqesho kunye ezithile izibakala fun ozifunde kweli nqaku.